Skip to main content
Log in

Auroral investigations by means of rockets

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A survey of rocket experiments undertaken to study auroral zone events includes summary information about instrumentation and results in the field of energetic electrons and protons, of charged particle densities, of optical observations, of magnetic and electric fields, of bremsstrahlung X-rays, of thermal electrons, and of production rates. Other auroral investigations except those involving rockets have been largely ignored.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aggson, T.L., Heppner, J.P., and Maynard, N.C.: 1967, ‘Test Flight of a Triaxial dc Electric Field Payload’, Transactions A.G.U. 48, 156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, R.D.: 1967a, ‘Nearly Monoenergetic Electron Fluxes detected during a Visible Aurora’, Phys. Rev. Letters 18, 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, R.D.: 1967b, ‘Detection of the Presence of Alpha Particles in Auroral Fluxes’, Transactions A.G.U. 48, 180, revised abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anger, C.D.: 1967, ‘Review of Rocket Auroral Measurements’, in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormac). Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, p. 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, K.D.: 1966, ‘Direct In Situ Measurements of Auroral Parameters’, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Utah, and Upper Air Research Report UU 66-8, AFCRL 66-413.

  • Baker, K.: 1967, ‘Coordinated Rocket Measurements of Auroral Parameters’, Birkeland Symp. on Aurora and Magnetic Storms.

  • Baker, K.D., Despain, A.M., and Ulwick, J.C.: 1966, ‘Simultaneous Comparison of rf Probe Techniques for Determination of Ionospheric Density’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, K.D., Pfister, W., and Ulwick, J.C.: 1967a, ‘Charge Densities and Temperatures Measured in Active Auroras’, in Space Research, VII, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p. 665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, K.D., Haycock, O.C., and Ulwick, J.C.: 1967b, ‘Rocket Measurements of Auroral Light and Associated Electron Densities’, Transactions A.G.U. 48, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedinger, J.F., Best, G.T., and Smith, L.G.: 1967, ‘Observation of Upper Atmospheric Winds, Electron Density, Electron Temperature, and Neutral Temperature in the Auroral Region’, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Béghin, C.: 1967, ‘Observations à bord d'une fusée de bruits TBF naturels au cours d'une aurore’, Ann. Geophys. 23, 275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthelier, J.J. and Sturges, D.J.: 1967, ‘Simultaneous Measurements of Electron Density and Temperature in the Northern Auroral Zone’, Planetary Space Sci. 15, 1049.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthelier, J.J., Godard, R., Gogly, G., and Lebeau, A.: 1967, ‘Sounding-Rockets Shots in Antarctica during the Solar Event of January 28th, 1967’, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Biswas, S. and Fichtel, C.E.: 1965, ‘Composition of Solar Cosmic Rays’, Space Sci. Rev. 4, 709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, R.: 1967, ‘Auroral Electric Fields’, in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormac). Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, p. 293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R.R.: 1966, ‘Electron Precipitation in the Auroral Zone’, Space Sci. Rev. 5, 311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, D.A., Collin, H.L., Courtier, G.M., and Johnstone, A.D.: 1967, ‘Evidence for Velocity Dispersion in Auroral Electrons’, Nature 215, No. 5096, 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, K.: 1967, ‘The Simultaneous Determination of Rocket Trajectories and Rapid Auroral Variations’, in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormac). Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, L.J.: 1959, ‘Detection of an Electrical Current in the Ionosphere above Greenland’, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, L.M.: 1967, ‘Spectral Measurements of Auroral Zone Particles’, Phys. Dep. and Space Sci. Lab., U. of California (to be published).

  • Crosswhite, H.M., Zipf, E.C., and Fastie, W.G.: 1962, ‘Far-Ultraviolet Auroral Spectra’, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 6, 643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, W.D., LaQuey, R.E., O'Brien, B.J., and Walt, M.: 1966, ‘Rocket-borne Measurements of Particle Fluxes and Auroral Light’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalgarno, A., McElroy, M.B., and Moffett, R.J.: 1963, ‘Electron Temperatures in the Ionosphere’, Planetary Space Sci. 11, 463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalgarno, A., Latimer, J.D., and McConkey, J.W.: 1965, ‘Corpuscular Bombardment and N2+ Radiation’, Planetary Space Sci. 13, 1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L.R. and Ogilvie, K.W.: 1962, ‘Rocket Observations of Solar Protons during the November 1960 Events, 2’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 1711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L.R., Berg, O.E., and Meredith, L.H.: 1960, ‘Direct Measurements of Particle Fluxes in and near Auroras’, in Space Research, I, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p. 721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, T.N.: 1966, ‘The Application of Image Orthicon Techniques to Auroral Observation’, Space Sci. Rev. 6, 222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Despain, A.M.: 1966, ‘Antenna Impedance in the Ionosphere’, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Utah, and Upper Air Research Report UU66-7, AFCRL 66-412.

  • Doering, J.P.: 1967, ‘Experimental Measurement of Primary and Secondary Electron Fluxes in an Aurora’, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Doering, J.P. and Fastie, W.G.: 1967, ‘Experimental Measurement of the Energy Distribution of Secondary Electrons in an Aurora’, Canad. J. Phys. 44, 2948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eather, R.H. and Burrows, K.M.: 1966, ‘Ionization and Excitation by Precipitating Protons’, Austral. J. Phys. 19, 309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, R.A.: 1955, ‘High-Altitude Rocket Measurements with Scintillation Counters at Northern Latitudes’, Phys. Rev. 99, 609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, R.A., Gottlieb, M.B., and Meredith, L.H.: 1955, ‘Double Geiger-Tube Study of Soft Radiation at Northern Latitudes’, Phys. Rev. 99, 609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D.S.: 1966, ‘Rocket Measurements of Energetic Electron Precipitation in the Auroral Zone’, NASA Report X-611-66-9.

  • Evans, D.S.: 1967a, ‘Rocket Observations of Low Energy Auroral Electrons’, in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormac). Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, p. 191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D.S.: 1967b, ‘A 10-cps Periodicity in the Precipitation of Auroral-Zone Electrons’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 4281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fastie, W.G.: 1963, ‘Instrumentation for Far Ultraviolet Rocket Spectrophotometry’, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer 3, 507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fastie, W.G., Crosswhite, H.M., and Markham, T.P.: 1961, ‘Far Ultra-Violet Auroral Spectra with a Rocket Ebert Spectrophotometer’, Ann. Geophys. 17, 109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fastie, W.G., Miller, R.E., and Isler, R.C.: 1967, ‘Far Ultraviolet Auroral Spectra’, in Space Research, VII, p, 654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fejer, J.A.: 1964, ‘The Interaction of an Antenna with a Hot Plasma and the Theory of Resonance Probes’, Radio Sci. 68D, 1171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Föppl, H., Haerendel, G., Haser, L., Lüst, R., Melzner, F., Meyer, B., Neuss, H., Rabben, H.-H., Rieger, E., Stöcker, J., and Stoffregen, W.: 1967, ‘Preliminary Results of Electric Field Measurements in the Auroral Zone’, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Forsyth, P.G. and Hutchinson, R.O.: 1966, ‘A System for Measuring Vector Magnetic Fields from Sounding Rockets’, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Instrumentation Papers No. 105 AFCRL-66-565.

  • Freier, P.S. and Webber, W.R.: 1963, ‘Exponential Rigidity Spectra for Solar Flare Cosmic Rays’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 1605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haerendel, G., Lüst, R., and Rieger, E.: 1967a, ‘Motion of Artificial Ion Clouds in the Upper Atmosphere’, Planetary Space Sci. 15, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haerendel, G., Lüst, R., and Rieger, E.: 1967b, ‘Ionospheric Electric Fields at Midlatitudes during Twilight’, Transactions A.G.U. 48, 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hale, L.C., Hoult, O.P., and Baker, D.C.: 1967, ‘A Summary of Blunt Probe Theory and Experimental Results’, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Hartz, T.R. and Brice, N.M.: 1967, ‘The General Pattern of Auroral Particle Precipitation’, Planetary Space Sci. 15, 301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegblom, E.R., Reidy, W.P., and Ulwick, J.C.: 1967, ‘Rocket Measurements of the Auroral Electron Energy Spectrum between 2 and 50 keV’, Transactions A.G.U. 48, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila, W.J.: 1966, ‘Practical Problems encountered in Rocket Studies of Geophysical Disturbances’, Canad. Aernaut. Space J. 12, 433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila, W.J. and Penstone, S.R.: 1961, ‘Rocket Measurements of Auroral Radio Absorption’, Canad. J. Phys. 39, 1875.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila, W.J. and Matthews, D.L.: 1964, ‘Direct Observations of Low-Energy Electrons in the Disturbed Ionospheric E-Region’, Nature 202, 789.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heppner, J.P.: 1967, ‘Satellite and Rocket Observations’, in Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena (ed. by S. Matsushita and W.H. Campbell). Academic Press, Inc., New York, Ch. V-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, J.C. and Johnson, C.Y.: 1959, ‘Positive Ions in the Ionosphere’, Astronautics 4, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, O. and Lerfald, G.M.: 1967, ‘Results from an RF Capacity Probe Experiment in the Auroral Ionosphere’, Radio Sci. 2, 1283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoult, D.P.: 1965, ‘D-Region Probe Theory’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultquist, B.: 1965, ‘Some Comments on Electrostatic Analysers’, in High Latitude Particles and the Ionosphere (ed. by B. Machlum). Logos Press, London, p. 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imyanitov, I.M. and Shvarts, Ya.M.: 1959, ‘Measurement of Electrostatic Field Strength on the Third Artificial Earth Satellite’, Artificial Earth Satellites 3, 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imyanitof, I.M., Gdalevich, G.L., and Shvarts, Ya.M.: 1963, ‘Measurements of the Electrostatic Field on the Surfaces of Geophysical Rockets moving through the Upper Atmosphere’, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 148, 1306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isler, R.C. and Fastie, W.O.: 1965, ‘An Observation of the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield System in an Aurora’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 2613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.E. and Kane, J.A.: 1959, ‘Measurement of Ionospheric Electron Densities using an r.f. Probe Technique’, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 1074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.E. and Seddon, J.C.: 1959, ‘Rocket Measurements through an Aurora’, JGY Bulletin No. 28, 7.

  • Jelly, D.H., McDiarmid, I.B., and Burrows, J.R.: 1964, ‘Correlation between Intensities of Auroral Absorption and Precipitated Electrons’, Canad. J. Phys. 42, 2411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, M., Petersen, O., Rybner, J., Bjelland, B., Holt, O., Landmark, B., and Kane, J.A.: 1964a, ‘Electron and Ion Density Observations in the D-Region during Auroral Absorption’, Planetary Space Sci. 12, 543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, M., Petersen, O., Rybner, J., Bjelland, B., Holt, O., and Landmark, B.: 1964b, ‘Electron Density and Collision Frequency Observations in the Lower D-Region during Auroral Absorption’, in Electron Density Distribution in Ionosphere and Exosphere, NATO Advanced Study Institute, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p. 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, M., Olesen, J.K., and Landmark, B.: 1965, ‘Electron Density and Collision Frequency Observation from a Rocket Experiment during an Auroral Absorption Event’, in High Latitude Particles and the Ionosphere (ed. by B. Machlum). Logos Press, London, p. 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, M., Haug, A., and Landmark, B.: 1966, ‘Electron Density and Collision Frequency Observations in the Arctic D-Region’, in Proc. NATO ADV. STU. INST. Fense, Norway, 1965. North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C.Y.: 1961, ‘Aeronomic Parameters from Mass Spectrometry’, Ann. Geophys. 17, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C.Y. and Holmes, J.C.: 1960, ‘Ionospheric Positive Ions’, in Space Research, I, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p. 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C.Y., Meadows, E.B., and Holmes, J.C.: 1958, ‘Ion Composition of the Arctic Ionosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 63, 443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.W. and Kavadas, A.: 1963, ‘A Rocket-Borne Electric Field Probe’, Canad. J. Phys. 41, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.G., Meyerott, R.E., and Evans, J.E.: 1967, ‘Coordinated Satellite, Ground-Based and Aircraft-Based Measurements on Auroras’, in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormas). Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York, p. 169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J.A.: 1962a, ‘Electron Densities in the E-Region deduced from Rocket Observations’, in Electron Density Profiles in the Ionosphere and Exosphere (ed. by B. Machlum). The Macmillan Company, New York, p. 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J.A.: 1962b, ‘Reevaluation of Ionospheric Electron Densities and Collision Frequencies derived from Rocket Measurements of Refractive Index and Attenuation’, in AGARDograph 53 (ed. by N.C. Gerson). Pergamon Press, New York, p. 338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantor, A.J.: 1967, ‘Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Atmospheric Pressure, 30 to 90 km’, Conference Proceedings, Ottawa 1966, Ground-Based Radio Wave Propagation Studies of the Lower Ionosphere (in print).

  • Kavadas, A. and Johnson, D.W.: 1964, ‘Electron Densities and Electric Fields in the Aurora’, in Space Research, IV, 365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostelnicek, R.J.: 1965, ‘The Admittance and Resonance Probe Characteristics of a Spherical Plasma Probe’, Aeronomy Report No. 8, University of Illinois.

  • Krasovskiy, V.J.: 1964, ‘Polar Auroras’, Space Sci. Rev. 3, 232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, W.K. and Matthews, D.L.: 1965, ‘Electron Density Results from an rf Capacitance Probe’, Aeronomy Report No. 10, University of Illinois, p. 66.

  • Lampton, M.: 1967a, ‘Rapid Time Structure in Daytime Auroral Zone Electrons’, Transactions, A.G.U. 48, 180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampton, M.: 1967b, ‘Daytime Observations of Energetic Auroral Zone Electrons’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5817.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind, D.L. and McIlwraith, N.: 1966, ‘Plasma Electron Detector using an Open Electron Multiplier’, JEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 13, 511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J.W.F., Silverman, S.M., Nardone, L.J., and Cochrun, B.L.: 1967, ‘Rocket Optical Studies of Daylit Day-Time Auroras’, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Måseide, K.: 1967, ‘Rocket Measurements of the Volume Emission Profile for Auroral Glow’, Planetary Space Sci. 15, 899.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I.B. and Budzinski, E.E.: 1964, ‘Angular Distribution and Energy Spectra of Electrons associated with Auroral Events’, Canad. J. Phys. 42, 2048.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I.B. and Burrow, J.R.: 1965, ‘Electron Fluxes at 1000 Kilometers associated with the Tail of the Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3031.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I.B., Rose, D.C., and Budzinski, E.: 1961, ‘Direct Measurement of Charged Particles associated with Auroral Zone Radio Absorption’, Canad. J. Phys. 39, 1888.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, I.E., Budzinski, E.E., Whalen, B.A., and Schopke, N.: 1967, ‘Rocket Observations of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions during Auroral Substorms’, Canad. J. Phys. 45, 1755.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F.B., Ellis, R.A., and Gottlieb, M.B.: 1955, ‘Rocket Observations on Soft Radiation at Northern Latitudes’, Phys. Rev. 99, 609.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, D.J.: 1967, private communication.

  • McIlwain, C.E.: 1960, ‘Direct Measurement of Particles Producing Visible Auroras’, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 2727.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, E.C. and Savers, J.: 1966, ‘A Radio Frequency Electron Density Probe for Rocket Investigation of the Ionosphere’, Planetary Space Sci. 14, 731.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, A.G.: 1965, ‘Langmuir Probe Measurement of the Auroral Ionosphere at Churchill’, Aeronomy Report No. 10, University of Illinois, p. 22.

  • Meredith, L.H., Gottlieb, M.B., and Van Allen, J.A.: 1955, ‘Direct Detection of Soft Radiation above 50 Kilometers in the Auroral Zone’, Phys. Rev. 97, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, L.H., Davis, L.R., Heppner, J.P., and Berg, O.: 1958, ‘Rocket Auroral Investigations’, I.G.Y. Rocket Report Ser. 1, 169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozer, F.S.: 1965a, ‘Rocket Measurements of Energetic Particles, 2: Electron Results’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 5709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozer, F.S.: 1965b, ‘Rocket Measurement of Energetic Particles, 3: Proton Results’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 5717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozer, F.S. and Bruston, P.: 1966a, ‘Observation of Low-Altitude Acceleration of Auroral Protons’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 2201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozer, F.S. and Bruston, P.: 1966b, ‘Properties of the Auroral-Zone Electron Source deduced from Electron Spectrums and Angular Distributions’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 4451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozer, F.S. and Bruston, P.: 1966c, ‘Auroral-Zone Proton-Electron Anti-Correlations, Proton Angular Distributions, and Electric Fields’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 4461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozer, F.S. and Bruston, P.: 1967, ‘Electric Field Measurements in the Auroral Ionosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozer, F.S., Crifo, J.F., and Blamont, J.E.: 1965, ‘Rocket Measurements of Energetic Particles, 1: Description of the Experiment’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 5699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murcray, W.B.: 1966a, ‘An Observation of the Height-Luminosity Distribution of Auroral Hβ Emission’, Planetary Space Sci. 14, 812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murcray, W.B.: 1966b, ‘Auroral Ultraviolet Radiation in the 1000–1350A Range’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 2739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murcray, W.B.: 1967, ‘Spatial Relationship of Auroral OI and N +2 Emissions’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1047.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, A.F.: 1967, private communication.

  • Narcisi, R.S.: 1966, ‘Ion Composition Measurements and Related Ionospheric Processes in the D and lower E Regions’, Ann. Geophys. 22, 224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narcisi, R.S. and Bailey, A.D.: 1965, ‘Mass Spectrometric Measurements of Positive Ions at Altitudes from 64 to 112 Kilometers’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 3687.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences, 1967, ‘United States Science Program’, Report to COSPAR, 10th Meeting, London, p. 70.

  • National Research Council of Canada: 1966, ‘Handbook for Range Users, Churchill Research Range’.

  • O'Brien, B.J.: 1964, ‘High-Latitude Geophysical Studies with Satellite Injun 3, 3: Precipitation of Electrons into the Atmosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B.J.: 1967, ‘Incoming Lower-Energy Particles and their Association with Airglow and Aurorae’, Joint IQSY/COSPAR Symposium, London.

  • Ogilvie, K.W. and Bryant, D.A.: 1964, ‘Solar Proton Spectrums in the Events of November 12 and 15, 1960’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, K.W., Bryant, D.A., and Davis, L.R.: 1962, ‘Rocket Observations of Solar Protons during the November 1960 Events, 1’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, K.W., McIlwraith, N., and Lind, D.L.: 1967, ‘Electron Measurements near a Weak Aurora’, in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormac). Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, p. 243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, O.E.: 1965, ‘Rocket Measurements of Electron Density and Collision Frequency in the Lower D-Region’, in Introduction to Solar Terrestrial Relations (ed. by J. Ortner and H. Maseland). D. Reidel Publishing Comp., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, W. and Baker, K.D.: 1967, ‘Interpretation of Rocket Measurements in a Visible Aurora’, Transactions A.G.U. 48, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, W. and Ulwick, J.C.: 1965, ‘Effects of Rocket Outgassing on rf Experiments’, Radio Sci. 69D, 1219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, A.V. and Pack, J.L.: 1959, ‘Electron Collision Frequencies in Nitrogen and in the Lower Ionosphere’, Phys. Rev. Letters 3, 340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, M.H.: 1963, ‘Auroral Ionization and Excitation by Incident Energetic Electrons’, Planetary Space Sci. 11, 1209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, W.P., Hegblom, E.R., and Ulwick, J.C.: 1967a, ‘Low-Energy Electron Spectra in three Visible Auroras’, Phys. Rev. Letters (to be published).

  • Reidy, W.P., Hegblom, E.R., and Ulwick, J.C.: 1967b, ‘Rocket Measurements of Low-Energy Auroral Electron Energy Spectra and Angular Distributions’, Birkeland Symposium on Aurora and Magnetic Storms.

  • Riedler, W.: 1965, ‘An Electron-Proton Spectrometer for Rockets using Solid State Detectors’, in High Latitude Particles and the Ionosphere (ed. by B. Machlum). Logos Press, London, p. 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedler, W.: 1966, ‘Messung der Energiespektren und Winkelverteilungen von Elektronen im Nordlicht’, Kiruna Geophys. Obs. Rep. No. 663.

  • Riedler, W.: 1967, ‘Double-Peaked Electron Spectra observed in an Aurora’, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Sandock, J.A. and Pfister, W.: 1965, ‘Measurements with Retarding Potential Analyzers and Planar Ion Traps in the D-Region’, Aeronomy Report No. 10, University of Illinois, p. 49.

  • Seddon, J.C. and Jackson, J.E.: 1958, ‘Ionosphere Electron Densities and Differential Absorption’, Ann. Geophys. 14, 456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, R.D., Johnson, R.G., Shea, M.F., and Shook, G.B.: 1967, ‘Satellite Measurements of Precipitating Protons in the Auroral Zone’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, M.R. and Lowther, J.M.: 1965, ‘Progress in Rocket, Missile and Space Carrier Vehicle Testing, Launching and Tracking Technology, Part II: Survey of Facilities outside the United States’, in Advances in Space Science and Technology (ed. by F.I. Ordway). Academic Press, New York, 7, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, G.G.: 1967, ‘Two-Channel Optical Photometer Experiment’, App. 20, Nat. Research Council of Canada Report to COSPAR 1967.

  • Silverman, S.M., Lloyd, J.W.F., Cochrun, B.L., and Nardone, L.J.: 1964, ‘Rocket Optical Observation of a Day-Time Aurora’, Nature 204, 461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skovli, G.: 1965, ‘A Beta-Spectrometer for Measurement of Low-Energy Electrons Associated with Auroral Phenomena’, in High Latitude Particles and the Ionosphere (ed. by B. Machlum). Logos Press, London, p. 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G.: 1964, ‘Langmuir Probes for Measurements in the Ionosphere’, COSPAR Information Bulletin No. 17, 37.

  • Söraas, F. and Trumpy, B.: 1965, ‘Measurement of Charged Particles in the Auroral Zone, Andöya, Norway’, in High Latitude Particles and the Ionosphere (ed. by B. Machlum). Logos Press, London, p. 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Söraas, F. and Trumpy, B.: 1966, ‘Rocket Measurement of Proton Energy Spectra and Pitch Angle Distribution in the Auroral Zone’, J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys. 28, 1081.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, N.W., Brace, L.H., Carignan, G.R., Taeusch, D.R., and Niemann, H.: 1965, ‘Electron and Molecular Nitrogen Temperature and Density in the Thermosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 2665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stair, A.T., Jr and Gauvin, H.P.: 1967, ‘Research on Optical Infrared Characteristics of Aurora and Airglow (Artificial and Natural)’, in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormac). Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York, p. 365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulwick, J.C.: 1967a, ‘Rocket Measurements of Auroral Parameters’ in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormac). Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, p. 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulwick, J.C.: 1967b, ‘Rocket Measurements of the Energy Distribution of Secondary Electrons and Electron Temperature in Auroras’, Birkeland Symp. on Aurora and Magnetic Storms.

  • Ulwick, J.C. and Sandock, J.A.: 1967, ‘Rocket Measurements of Low Energy Electrons in Active Auroras’, Transactions A.G.U. 48, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulwick, J.C., Pfister, W., Vancour, R.P., Bettinger, R.T., Haycock, O.C., and Baker, K.D.: 1962, ‘Firing of an Astrobee 200 Rocket with a Multiple Ionospheric Experiment’, Proc. IRE 50, 2272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulwick, J.C., Pfister, W., Haycock, O.C., and Baker, K.D.: 1964, ‘Standing Wave Impedance Probe’, COSPAR Information Bulletin, No. 17, 117.

  • Ulwick, J.C., Pfister, W., Haycock, O.C., and Baker, K.D.: 1965a ‘Rocket Measurement with Electron and Ion Probes in an Aurora’, in Space Research, V. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p. 293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulwick, J.C., Pfister, W., Baker, K.D., and Despain, A.M.: 1965b, ‘Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Antenna Impedance in the D- and E-Region’, Aeronomy Report No. 10, University of Illinois, p. 74.

  • Ulwick, J.C., Reidy, W.P., and Baker, K.D.: 1967a: ‘Direct Measurements of the Ionizing Flux in Different Types of Auroral Forms’, in Space Research, VII. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p. 656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulwick, J.C., Pfister, W., and Baker, K.D.: 1967b, ‘Rocket Measurements of Bremsstrahlung X-Rays and Related Parameters during Auroral Absorption Events‘, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Van Allen, J.A.: 1955, ‘Interpretation of Soft Radiation Observed at High Altitudes in Northern Latitudes’, Phys. Rev. 99, 609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J.A.: 1957, ‘Direct Detection of Auroral Radiation with Rocket Equipment’, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 43, 57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J.C.G. and Brace, L.H.: 1967, ‘Langmuir Probe for a Nocturnal E-Region Ionization Source at Fort Churchill’, COSPAR, 10th Plenary Meeting, London.

  • Walt, M.: 1967, ‘Penetration of Electrons into the Atmosphere’, in Aurora and Airglow (ed. by B.M. McCormac). Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, p. 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, B.A., McDiarmid, I.B., and Budzinski, E.E.: 1967, ‘Rocket Measurements in Proton Aurora’, Canad. J. Phys. 45, 3247.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pfister, W. Auroral investigations by means of rockets. Space Sci Rev 7, 642–688 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00542893

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00542893

Keywords

Navigation