Summary
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1.
Tests were carried out to study school concentration in relation to quality of space and presence of a pike.
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2.
At a water depth of 60 cm (without pike) school concentration is very much lower than at 20 cm, both at 980 lux and at 0.02 lux.
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3.
At 0.02 lux in the absence of the predator, the shapes of the water space cannot be ascertained to have an influence.
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4.
At 980 lux (with and without pike) Shape IV has an intense effect on school concentration.
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5.
In the dark (0.02 lux) the effect of a pike in intensifying school formation is smaller, the larger the quantity of water.
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Andörfer, B. The school behavior of Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel) in relation to ambient space and the presence of a pike (Esox lucius). Oecologia 47, 137–140 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541789
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541789