Skip to main content
Log in

Is there a comorbid relationship between hyperactivity and emotional psychopathology?

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Some of the early literature implied that emotional disorders were almost incompatible with hyperactivity in childhood. The paper addresses this issue using a large epidemiological data base — of two cohorts of 7− & 8-year-old and 11− & 12-year-old children from the North of England. There are two themes, first, the paper reports on the prevalence of emotional symptoms and disorder among hyperactive children. Second, it explores co-occurrence of hyperactivity and emotional psychopathology according to whether the hyperactivity is situational or pervasive and according to the age of the child. Hyperactivity proved to have an association with emotional symptoms and disorder at both ages but the links with disorder were most prominent among the older children. Among our high risk or maladjusted samples the strongest links were with home-based situational hyperactivity. However, among the general population cohort, emotional disorder proved to be a function of pervasiveness of hyperactivity and older age.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Achenbach T, Edelbrock (1981) Behavioural problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged 4 through 16. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Psychopathology 46, No. 188

  2. American Psychiatric Association (1981) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Washington

  3. American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, Washington DC

  4. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Washington

  5. Biederman J, Munir K, Knee D (1987) Conduct and oppositional disorder in clinically referred children with attention deficit disorder: a controlled family study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26, 5:724–727

    Google Scholar 

  6. Biederman J, Faraone S, Keenan K, Benjamin J, Krifcher B, Moore C, Sprich-Buckminster S, Ugaglia K, Jellinek M, Steingard R, Spencer T, Norman D, Kolodny R, Kraus I, Perrin J, Keller M. & Tsuang M (1992) Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives in psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. Archives of General Psychiatry 49:728–738

    Google Scholar 

  7. Biederman J, Faraone S, Keenan K, Steingard R, Tsuang M (1991) Familial association between attention deficit disorder and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 148:251–256

    Google Scholar 

  8. Beiderman J, Faraone S, Mick E, Lelon E (1995) Psychiatric comorbidity among referred juveniles with major depression: fact or artifact? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34:579–590

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bird H, Gould M, Staghezza B (1993) Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity in a community sample of children aged 9 through 16 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32:361–368

    Google Scholar 

  10. Boudreault M, Thivierge J, Cote R, Boutin P, Julien Y, Bergeron S (1988) Cognitive development and reading achievement in pervasive ADD, situational ADD and control children. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 29:611–620

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cohen J (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales, Educational and Psychological Measurement 20:37–46

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cunningham C, Barkley R (1979) The interactions of normal and hyperactive children with their mothers in free play and structured task. Child Development 50:217–224

    Google Scholar 

  13. DuPaul G, Barkley R, McMurray M (1994) Response of children with ADHD to merhylphenidate: interaction with internalizing symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33:894–903

    Google Scholar 

  14. Esser G, Schmidt M, Woemer W (1990) Epidemiology and course of psychiatric disorders in school-age children — results of a longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 31:243–263

    Google Scholar 

  15. Eysenck, S (1965) Manual of the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fombonne E (1989) The Child Behaviour Checklist and the Rutter Parental Questionnaire: a comparison between two screening instruments. Psychological Medicine 19:777–785

    Google Scholar 

  17. Goodman R, Stevenson J (1989) A twin study of hyperactivity -I. An examination of hyperactivity scores and categories derived from Rutter teacher and parent questionnaire scores. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30:671–690

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kolvin I, Barrett L, Bhate S, Berney T, Famuyiwa O, Fundudis T, Tyrer S (1991) The Newcastle child depression project: diagnosis and classification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (Suppl 11):9–21

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kolvin I, Garside R, Nicol R, Leitch I, Macmillan A (1977) Screening school children for high risk of emotional and educational disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 131:192–206

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kolvin O, Garside R, Nicol A, Macmillan A, Wolstenholme F, Leitch I (1981) Help Starts Here: The Maladjusted Child in the Ordinary School. Tavistock Publications

  21. Macmillan A, Kolvin I, Garside R, Nicol A, Leitch I (1980) A multiple criterion screen for identifying school children with psychiatric disorder. Psychological Medicine 10:265–276

    Google Scholar 

  22. Macmillan A, Walker L, Garside R, Kolvin I, Leitch I, & Nicol A (1978) The development and application of sociometric techniques for the identification of isolated and rejected children. Journal of the Association of Workers with the Maladjusted Child 6:58–74

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mannuzza S, Gittelman Klein R, Bonagura N, Malloy P, Giampino T, Addali K (1991) Hyperactive boys almost grown up V Replication of psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry 48:77–83

    Google Scholar 

  24. McArdle P, O Brien G, Kolvin I (1995) Hyperactivity: prevalence and relationship with conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 36:279–305

    Google Scholar 

  25. McGee R, Williams S, Bradshaw J, Chapel J, Robins A, Silva P (1985) The Rutter scale for completion by teachers: factor structure and relationships with cognitive abilities and family adversity for a sample of New Zealand children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 26:727–739

    Google Scholar 

  26. McGee R, Williams S, Silva P (1984) Behavioural and developmental characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive and aggressive-hyperactive boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23:280–284

    Google Scholar 

  27. Milich R, Landau S (1982) Socialization and peer relations in hyperactive children. Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities, Vol 1. JAI Press Inc

  28. Munir K, Biederman J, Knee D (1987) Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with attention deficit disorder: a controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 6:844–848

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ounsted C (1955) The Hyperkinetic Syndrome in epileptic children. The Lancet 2:303–311

    Google Scholar 

  30. Prior M, Sanson A (1986) Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a critique. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 27:307–319

    Google Scholar 

  31. Prior M, Sanson A (1988) Technical note. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a reply. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 29:223–225

    Google Scholar 

  32. Reeves J, Werry J, Elkind G, Zametkin A (1987) Attention deficit, conduct, oppositional and anxiety disorders in children: 11. clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26:144–155

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rutter M (1967) A children's behaviour questionnaire for completion by teachers: preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 8:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rutter M (1982) Syndromes attributable to “Minimal Brain Dysfunction” in childhood. American Journal of Psychiatry 139:21–33

    Google Scholar 

  35. Schachar R, Rutter M, Smith A (1981) The characteristics of situationally and pervasively hyperactive children: implications for syndrome definition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 22:375–392

    Google Scholar 

  36. Shapiro S, Garfinkel B (1986) The occurrence of behavior disorders in children: the interdependence of attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 25:809–819

    Google Scholar 

  37. Szatmari P, Offord D, Boyle M (1989) Correlates, associated impairments and patterns of service utilization of children with attention deficit disorder: findings from the Ontario Child Health Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30:205–217

    Google Scholar 

  38. Tannock R, Ickowicz A, Schachar R (1995) Differential effects of methylphenidate on working memory in ADHD children with and without comorbid anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34:886–896

    Google Scholar 

  39. Taylor E (1986) Overactivity, Hyperactivity and Hyperkinesis: problems and prevalence. in Taylor E (ed) Clinics in Developmental Medicine no 79. The Overactive Child. Spastics International Medical Publications, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd

    Google Scholar 

  40. Taylor E, Schachar R, Thorley G, Weiselberg M (1986) Conduct disorder and hyperactivity 11. A cluster analytic approach to the identification of a behavioural syndrome. British Journal Psychiatry 149:768–777

    Google Scholar 

  41. Taylor E, Sandberg S, Thorley G. & Giles S (1991) The epidemiology of childhood hyperactivity. Maudsley Monographs number 33. Oxford University Press

  42. Thorley G (1986) Towards a hyperkinetic syndrome. In Taylor E (ed) Clinics in Developmental Medicine no 79. The Overactive Child. Spastics International Medical Publications, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd

    Google Scholar 

  43. World Health Organization (1978) Glossary of Mental Disorders and Guide to their Classification: for use in conjunction with the International Classification of Disease, 9th revision

  44. World Health Organization (1992) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines

  45. Wrate R, Kolvin I, Garside R, Wolstenholme F, Hulbert C, Leitch I (1985) Helping seriously disturbed children. In Nicol AR (ed) Longitudinal Studies in Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley & Sons

    Google Scholar 

  46. Young D (1968) Manual for the Group Reading Test. London: University of London Press

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

McArdle, P., O'Brien, G. & Kolvin, I. Is there a comorbid relationship between hyperactivity and emotional psychopathology?. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 6, 142–150 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00538986

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00538986

Key words

Navigation