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The relationship between the Ritz variational method and Frobenius's method of solving Schrödinger's equation

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Abstract

The solution of a linear homogeneous differential equation (in particular the Schrödinger equation) by expansion of the solutions (wave functions) in a discrete complete set of function is considered. The coefficients of the expansion are determinable by either the Ritz variational (integral) method, or by a generalisation of Frobenius's (non-integral) method. Each method leads to an infinite matrix eigenvalue equation. It is shown that the integral and non-integral matrix equations are related by the overlap matrix of the set of basis functions. The effects of truncating the infinite matrices to finite order are described. A hybrid method of transformation to a matrix representation is proposed, which employs some techniques from each of the original methods.

Zusammenfassung

Die Lösung einer linearen homogenen Differentialgleichung (besonders der Schrödinger-Gleichung) durch Entwicklung der Lösungen (Wellenfunktionen) nach einem diskreten vollständigen Satz von Funktionen wird untersucht. Die Entwicklungskoeffizienten sind entweder durch die Variations-Methode (Integral-Methode) oder durch Verallgemeinerung der Methode von Frobenius (Methode ohne Integrale) bestimmbar. Beide Methoden führen zur einer unendlichen Matrix-Eigenwert-Gleichung. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Matrizengleichungen der beiden Verfahren durch die Überlappungsmatrix des Satzes von Basisfunktionen in Beziehung stehen. Es werden die Effekte beschrieben, die sich ergeben, wenn die Matrizen von unendlicher auf endliche Ordnung reduziert werden. Eine Hybridmethode zur Transformation in eine Matrixdarstellung wird vorgeschlagen, die einige Rechenoperationen aus jeder der Originalmethoden anwendet.

Résumé

On considère la résolution d'une équation différentielle linéaire homogène (en particulier l'équation Schrödinger) en développant les solutions (fonctions d'ondes) dans un groupe discret complet de fonctions. Les coefficients du développement peuvent être déterminés par la méthode de la variation de Ritz (intégral) ou par une généralisation de la méthode de Frobenius (non-intégral). Chaque méthode mène à une équation infinie matrice eigenvalue. On montre que les équations matrice, intégrales et non-intégrales, sont reliées par la matrice à recouvrement du groupe des fonctions fondamentales. On décrit les effects de tronquer les matrices infinies en ordre limité. On présente une méthode hybride de transformation à une représentation de matrice, qui utilise des techniques de chacune des méthodes originales.

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Hunter, G. The relationship between the Ritz variational method and Frobenius's method of solving Schrödinger's equation. Theoret. Chim. Acta 17, 216–224 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00527180

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