Summary
Distribution patterns of the nerves of supply to the intertransversarii posteriores cervicis, levatores costarum breves and intertransversarii laterales lumborum were carefully studied in nine body-halves of male human cadavers. Any of these muscles lie wegded in between the commencements of the dorsal and ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves. In the great majority of the cases the levatores costarum breves derived their nerve supply in the upper segments from both primary rami of the corresponding spinal nerves and in the lowest segments as the rami intermedii from the bifurcation of each spinal nerve into its primary rami. Both patterns of the nerve supply to the levatores costarum breves were turned into one another in the intervening segments. The intertransversarii posteriores cervicis of similar location to the levatores costarum breves in the thoracic region were regarded as the upper serial homologues of these muscles, because they were supplied by both primary rami of the spinal nerves, similarly the intertransversarii laterales lumborum, principally supplied by the rami intermedii of the spinal nerves, as the lower serial homologues of the same muscles.
In view of location as well as mode of innervation it was proposed that the intertransversarii posteriores cervicis, levatores costarum breves and intertransversarii laterales lumborum should be grouped into the musculi intervertebrales laterales (abbrev. l) as the serially homologous muscles deriving innervation of an ambiguous character from both primary rami of the spinal nerves and therefore as the third muscle system more or less distinct from the musculi trunci dorsales (abbrev. D, Nishi) and ventrales (abbrev. V, Nishi) which are supplied alternatively by either of the primary rami of the spinal nerves.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnold, Fr.: Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, Bd. 2, Abt. 2. Freiburg: Herder 1851
Bardeen, C. R.: The development of the musculature of the body wall in the pig, including its histogenesis and its relations to the myotomes and to the skeletal and nervous apparatus. Johns Hopk. Hosp. Rep. 9, 367–399 (1900)
Bardeen, C. R., Lewis, W. H.: Development of the limbs, body-wall and back in man. Amer. J. Anat. 1, 1–35 (1901)
Bichat, X.: Anatomie descriptive, tome 3. Paris: J. S. Chaudé 1829
Cave, A. J. E.: The innervation and morphology of the cervical intertransverse muscles. J. Anat. (Lond.) 71, 497–515 (1937)
Clara, M.: Das Nervensystem des Menschen, 3. Aufl. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1959
Cruveilhier, J.: Traité d'anatomie descriptive, tome 3. Paris: P. Asselin 1871
Eisler, P.: Die Muskeln des Stammes. In: Bardelebens Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, Bd. 2, Abt. 2, T. 1. Jena: Gustav Fischer 1912
Favaro, G.: Sulla l'innervatione dei musculi levatores costarum dell'uomo. Boll. Soc. Med. Chir. Modena 30, 115–119 (1930)
Favaro, G.: Sopra l'innervatione muscolare e cutanea intermedia dorso-ventrale nell'uomo. Monit. Zool. Ital. 44, Suppl., 36–38 (1933)
Fujita, T.: Über die Innervation der Mm. levatores costarum nebst morphologischen Bemerkungen dieser Muskeln. Anat. Anz. 116, 327–339 (1965)
Fürbringer, M.: Über spinooccipitalen Nerven der Selachier und Holocephalen und ihre vergleichende Morphologie. Festschr. f. Gegenbaur 3, 350–788 (1897)
Gegenbaur, C.: Anatomie des Menschen Bd. 2, 6. Aufl. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann 1896
Gegenbauer, C.: Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Bd. 1. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann 1898
Henle, J.: Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen, 2. Aufl., Bd. 3, Abt. 2, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn 1879
Hirtl, J.: Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, 10. Aufl. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller 1867
Horst, C. I. van der: Spinalnerven. In: Bolks Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Bd. 2. Berlin & Wien: Urban & Schwarzenberg 1934
Klause, K. Fr. Th.: Handbuch der menschlichen Anatomie, 3. Aufl., Bd. 2. Hannover: Hahn 1879
Langenberg, W., Jüschke, S.: Morphologie und Innervation der Mm. levatores costarum und ihre Beziehung zu den Mm. intertransversarii laterales lumborum. Untersuchungen an Mensch und Känguruh. Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 130, 255–264 (1970)
Lazorthes, G.: Le système nerveux périphérique. Paris: Masson 1955
Lewis, W. H.: Die Entwicklung des Muskelsystems. In: Keibel-Malls Handbuch der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen, Bd. 1. Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1910
Luschka, H.: Die Anatomie des Menschen, Bd. 1, Abt. 2. Tübingen: H. Laupp 1863
Maurer, Fr.: Die Entwicklung des Muskelsystems und der elektrischen Organe. In: Hertwigs Handbuch der Entwicklungslehre der Wirbeltiere, Bd. 3, T. 1. Jena: Gustav Fischer 1906
Morrison, A. B.: The levatores costarum and their nerve supply. J. Anat. (Lond.) 88, 19–24 (1954)
Neumayer, L.: Histogenese und Morphogenese des peripheren Nervensystems, der Spinalganglien und des Nervus sympathicus. In: Hertwigs Handbuch der Entwicklungslehre der Wirbeltiere, Bd. 2, T. 3. Jena: Gustav Fischer 1906
Nishi, S.: Muskeln des Rumpfes. In: Bolks Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Bd. 5. Berlin & Wien: Urban & Schwarzenberg 1938
Nishi, S.: Zur Morphologie der Mm. intertransversarii, mit Hinweis auf ein neues Muskelsystem “M”. Gunma J. med. Sci. 8, 389–393 (1959)
Nishi, S.: Einige Zusätze zu meinem myologischen Beitrag in: Bolks Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie. Acta Anat. Nippon. 43, 387–392 (1968)
Sato, T.: The levatores costarum and their nerve supply in man. Acta Anat. Nippon. 46, 171–192. (Japanese with English abstract) (1971)
Sato, T.: On the “Musculi intervertebrales laterales”. Proc. Japan Acad. 49, 152–156 (1973)
Satoh, J., Shu, T.-C.: On the Mm. levatores costarum in man and monkey. Fol. anat. jap. 45, 35–50 (1968)
Schwalbe, G.: Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, Bd. 2, Abt. 2. Erlangen: Eduard Besold 1881
Steubl, R.: Innervation und Morphologie der Mm. levatores costarum. Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 128, 211–221 (1969)
Streeter, G. L.: Die Entwicklung des Nervensystems. In: Keibel-Malls Handbuch der Ent-wicklungsgeschichte des Menschen, Bd. 2. Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1911
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sato, T. On the rami intermedii of the spinal nerves and their equivalent offshoots. Z. Anat. Entwickl. Gesch. 143, 143–157 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00525767
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00525767