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Metastasierendes atypisches fibroxanthom oder malignes fibröses histiocytom

Klinik, Histologie, Nosologie, Nomenklatur

Metastasizing atypical fibroxanthoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Clinical and histological picture, nosology, nomenclature

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Summary

The observation of a metastasizing fibrohistiocytic tumor in the face of a 76-year-old female patient demonstrates the problem of differential diagnosis between atypical fibroxanthoma and malignant fibrous histocytoma. Differentiation by clinical criteria, especially by localization in a specific layer, can not be made because of the possibility of a primary dermal seat of the malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Similarly, no definite differentiating histopathologic characteristics are exhibited by either condition. Both tumors are essentially characterized by a cellular dimorphism, consisting of spindleshaped, fibroblast-like elements on the one hand and histiocyte-like cells on the other. From additional morphologic parameters (pattern analysis), such as not clearly demarcated borders and asymmetric and deep infiltrative growth, ulceration and necrosis malignancy can be inferred, indicating that the tumor we observed was a malignant fibrous histiocytoma. It is suggested that this designation be used for the metastasizing atypical fibroxanthoma. Through this differentiation, the term atypical fibroxanthoma retains the connotation of a rather benign tumor.

The great histomorphologic variability of fibrohistiocytic proliferations results in a wide spectrum of differential diagnoses, according to the respective differentiation of the cells. When the fibromatous spindle-cell-like componnent predominates, the semi-malignant dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans must be considered in the differential diagnosis, as well as the cytologically uniform fibrosarcoma, to be disposed in ‘herringbone’ patterns of the tumor cells and the Kaposi sarcoma with spindle-cell differentiation. The latter is distinguishable through its angiomatous character. The spindle-cell carcinoma, an especially undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma imitating the structure of a sarcoma, and the malignant melanoma of the spindle-cell type may be delineated from the atypical fibroxanthoma by observing the dermo-epidermal junction. In the case of undifferentiated liposarcomas and the malignant giant-cell tumor of soft parts, specific cellular elements permit histogenetic conclusions.

Zusammenfassung

Anhand der Beobachtung eines metastasierenden fibrohistiocytären Tumors im Gesicht einer 76jährigen Patientin wird die differentialdiagnostische Problematik zwischen atypischem Fibroxanthom und malignem fibrösen Histiocytom dargestellt. Eine Differenzierung nach klinischen Kriterien, insbesondere durch einen schichtenspezifischen Sitz, kann wegen einer auch möglichen primären dermalen Lokalisation des malignen fibrösen Histiocytoms nicht erfolgen. Ebenso bietet das histopathologische Bild beider Affektionen kaum sichere Unterscheidungsmerkmale. Die Tumoren kennzeichnet im wesentlichen ein cellulärer Dimorphismus, der einerseits aus spindeligen fibroblastenähnlichen und andererseits aus histiocytenähnlichen Zellelementen besteht. Durch zusätzliche morphologische Parameter (“pattern analysis”) wie unscharfe Begrenzung, asymmetrisches und tiefes infiltratives Wachstum, Ulceration und Nekrose werden beim von uns beobachteten Tumor Kriterien der Malignität offensichtlich und weisen ihn als malignes fibröses Histiocytom aus. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diese Bezeichnung für das metastasierende atypische Fibroxanthom zu verwenden. Mit dieser Trennung behält der Begriff “atypisches Fibroxanthom” seine Bedeutung als überwiegend doch eher gutartiger Tumor.

Die histomorphologische Variationsbreite fibro-histiocytärer Proliferationen hat je nach Ausprägung der cytologischen Strukturelemente ein breites Spektrum von Differentialdiagnosen zur Folge. Zu berücksichtigen sind bei Überwiegen der fibromatösen spindelzelligen Komponente das “semimaligne” Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, das cytologisch ebenso monomorphe Fibrosarkom mit “fischzugartig” angeordneten Tumorzellen und das spindelzellig differenzierte Kaposi-Sarkom, welches durch seinen angiomatösen Charakter unterscheidbar ist. Das Spindelzellcarcinom, ein besonders unreifes Plattenepithelcarcinom, imitiert sarkomähnliche Strukturen, kann aber wie das spindelzellige maligne Melanom durch Betrachtung der dermo-epidermalen Junktionszone vom atypischen Fibroxanthom abgegrenzt werden. Bei unreifen Liposarkomen und beim malignen Riesenzelltumor der Weichteile ermöglichen spezifische Zellelemente histogenetische Rückschlüsse.

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Hödl, S. Metastasierendes atypisches fibroxanthom oder malignes fibröses histiocytom. Arch Dermatol Res 273, 25–35 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00509024

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