Skip to main content
Log in

Das Ergrauen des Kopfhaares

Eine histo- und fermentchemische sowie elektronenmikroskopische Studie

The greying of hair

Histochemical and electronmicroscopical investigations

  • Published:
Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Dermatologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The graying of hair, one of the most constant symptoms of aging, has been examinated with the combined dopa-premelanin reaction (Mishima) which was applied in light as well as, partly, in electron microscopy. 4 mm punch biopsies were taken from the temporal region of 49 males and females with gray or white hair and 11 younger controls with blond to black hair and prepared. The results were:

There was no uniform, simultaneous or gradual decrease in hairpigmentation. Each hair behaved as an individual, i.e. it remained pigmented, was only poorly pigmented or lacked entirely melanin although the hair seemed to be predominantly white or gray! The immediate cause of the depigmentation was, that melanocytes in the hair bulb were greatly reduced in number or totally absent.

A prominent feature in light and electron microscopy was the marked vacuolization of pigment cells indicating probably degenerative changes. The subcellular constituents were poorly organized, melanosomes, premelanosomes and mitochondria reduced and/or structurally altered. The endoplasmatic reticulum showed irregular outlines, the perinuclear spaces were widened, small accessory nuclei were observed as in tumor cells, with a disturbed protein metabolism. No Langerhanscells were found. The pigment transfer, so far, was not changed when-ever active or inactive melanocytes were present in the hair bulb. In these cases melanosomes and premelanosomes could be seen in matrix and cortex cells.

In light microscopy, the Mishima-technic made it possible in a given slide to demonstrate, hairbulbs with and without melanocytes or with varying numbers.

The depopulation of melanocytes in the bulbs of white or gray hair seems to be identical with the depopulation seen in the epidermal melanocyte system where these specialized cells begin to vanish early in adult life, with the speed of 11% in every decade.

Zusammenfassung

Berichtet wurde über Untersuchungen zum Problem des Ergrauens oder Weißwerdens der Haare. Insgesamt standen für die lichtoptischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Befunderhebungen 49 Biopsien aus der Kopfhaut älterer Menschen sowie 11 Gewebsentnahmen bei jüngeren Probanden zur Verfügung. Als Ergebnis konnte festgestellt werden: Der von Haar zu Haar unterschiedliche, weder simultan, uniform, noch von grau zu weiß graduell eintretende Verlust an Melanocyten, welcher das Grau- oder Weißwerden der Haare bedingt. Es findet sich dabei ein ähnliches, mosaikartiges Verhalten beim Pigmentschwund wie im Wachstum: Haare mit gut erhaltenem, fehlenden oder reduzierten Pigmentzellbesatz sind in ein und derselben Schnittebene beim 3–4 μ-Serienschnitt dicht nebeneinander anzutreffen.

Lichtoptisch wurde mit der für diese und andere Fragestellungen hervorragend geeigneten kombinierten Imprägnations- und Inkubationsmethode nach Mishima gearbeitet, welche auch für einen Teil der elektronenmikroskopischen Präparate nach Adaptation angewandt wurde.

Der Verlust der Melanocyten im grauen und weißen Haar ist ebenso eine Funktion des Alters, wie die schon im jungen Erwachsenenalter beginnende Reduktion der epidermalen Melanocyten. Daß man derartige, in der gesamten Melanocyten-population des Menschen gleichsinnig ablaufende Altersveränderungen, welche mit dem definitiven Schwund spezialisierter Elemente des Nervensystems (Melanocyten) einhergehen, medikamentös nicht beeinflussen kann, liegt auf der Hand.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  • Billingham, R. E., Silvers, W. K.: Some unsolved problems in the biology of skin. In: Biology of the skin and hair growth. A. G. Lyne and B. F. Short, ed. Sydney: Angus and Robertson 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birbeck, M. S.: Electron microscopy of melanocytes: the fine structure of hair-bulb premelanosomes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 100, 540–547 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Barnicot, N. A.: Electron microscope studies on pigment formation in human hair follicles. Pigment-Cell-Biology, p. 549–557. New York: Acad. Press, Inc. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Br.: Das Problem der Pigmentbildung in der Haut. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 124, 129 (1917).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Br.: Über die Entwicklung des Haut- und Haarpigmentes beim menschlichen Embryo und über das Erlöschen der Pigmentbildung in ergrauendem Haar. (Ursache der Canities). Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 135, 77–108 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, H. B.: Graying of hair. I. Effects produced by single doses of X-rays on mice. J. Morph. 84, 57–80 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Produced melanocyte deactivation and inactivation in hair follicles. In: Advances in biology of skin. W. Montagna and Funan Hu, ed. The Pigmentary System, Vol. VIII. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Rauch H.: Graying of hair. II. Response of individual hairs in mice to variations in X-radiation. J. Morph. 87, 381–391 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Danneel, R., Weissenfels, N.: Die Herkunft der Melanoblasten in den Haaren des Menschen und ihr Verbleib beim Haarwechsel. Biol. Zbl. 72, 630–643 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Drochmans, P.: Etude au microscope éléctronique du mécanisme de la pigmentation mélanique. Arch. belges. Derm. 16, 155–163 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Electron microscope studies of epidermal melanocytes and the fine structure of melanin granules. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 8, 165–171 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, Th. B., Brunet, P., Kukita, A.: The nature of hair pigment. In: The biology of hair growth. W. Montagna and R. A. Ellis, ed. New York: Acad. Press, Inc. Publ. 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Szabó, G., Mitchell, R. E.: Age changes in the human melanocyte system. In: Aging. W. Montagna, ed. Advances in biology of skin, Vol. VI. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metschnikoff, E.: Sur le blanchissement des cheveux et des poils. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 15, 215 (1901).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishima, Y.: New technique for comprehensive demonstration of melanin, premelanin, and tyrosinase sites: combined dopa-premelanin reaction. J. invest. Derm. 34, 355–360 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Widlan, S.: Encymatically active and inactive melanocyte populations and ultraviolet irradiation: combined dopa-premelanin reaction and electron microscopy. J. invest. Derm. 49, 273–281 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Loud, A. V., Schaub, F. F., Jr.: Electron microscopy of premelanin. J. invest. Derm. 39, 55–61 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seiji, M., Fitzpatrick, Th. B., Birbeck, M. S.: The melanosome: a distinctive subcellular particle of mammalian melanocytes and the site of melanogenesis. J. invest. Derm. 36, 243–252 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Shimao, K., Birbeck, M. S., Fitzpatrick, Th. B.: Subcellular localization of melanin biosynthesis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 100, 497–533 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Snell, R. S., Bischitz, P. G.: The melanocytes and melanin in human abdominal wall skin: a survey made at different ages in both sexes and during pregnancy. J. Anat. (Lond.) 97, 361–376 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó, G.: Current state of pigment research, with special reference to macromolecular aspects. In: Biology of the skin and hair growth. A. G. Lyne and B. F. Short, ed. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissenfels, N.: Das natürliche Ergrauen und die experimentelle Depigmentierung der Haare. Biol. Zbl. 73, 399–414 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelickson, A. S.: Melanocyte, melanin granules and Langerhans cell. In: Ultrastructure of normal and abnormal skin. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Hirsch, H. M., Hartmann, I. F.: Melanogenesis: an autoradiographic study at ultrastructural level. J. invest. Derm. 43, 327–332 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———: Localization of melanin synthesis. J. invest. Derm. 45, 458–464 (1900)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Schneider, Tübingen, zum 60. Geburtstag freundlichst gewidmet.

Für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieser Arbeit sei der Fa. H. Schwarzkopf, Hamburg, herzlich gedankt.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Herzberg, J., Gusek, W. Das Ergrauen des Kopfhaares. Arch. klin. exp. Derm. 236, 368–384 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00504765

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00504765

Navigation