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Le rôle et l'utilisation de la complexation dans les applications des résines échangeuses d'ions

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Summary

The different ways are reviewed through which complexation reactions are involved in performing separations by means of ion-exchange resins. In the case of metal ions, the apparent affinity differences of the cation-exchanger sulphonate resins towards these cations can be varied by addition of numerous complexing agents to the solution. But furthermore, since a few years cation exchangers have been developed bearing functional groups (aminodiacetate, phosphonate etc.) which act as chelating agents fastly bound to the resin matrix. Sorption of anionic complexes onto anion exchangers (ammonium resins) provides another process in which metallic complexes are involved and which has been extensively studied for the last years.

The first part of the paper is devoted to a short survey on the physicochemical properties of the two chief chelating resins. In the case of many molecular solutes a sorption process may be conceived involving complex formation with the counter ions inside of an ion exchanger. This is a very interesting extension of the application of ion-exchange resin for molecular ligand separation, which is reviewed in the second part of the paper. In numerous cases, high selectivities are attainable by means of such processes; easy and fast separations can be sometimes carried out without need of the chromatographic methods. As for separating mixture components of very similar behaviours, their use becomes necessary so that an optimal efficiency of the chromatographic methods may be obtained.

Résumé

Les différents modes d'intervention de réactions de complexation, dans les applications des résines échangeuses d'ions en vue d'effectuer des séparations, sont passés en revue.

Pour les éléments métalliques, outre la mise en jeu — classique et très anciennement utilisée — de divers réactifs complexants en solution pour modifier l'affinité apparente des cations vis-à-vis d'une résine échangeuse de cations, se sont développées depuis quelques années des résines complexantes (aminodiacétate, phosphonate, etc.) dont les groupements fonctionnels jouent le rôle de réactifs complexants fixes au sein de la résine. Par ailleurs, la fixation de complexes métalliques anioniques dans les résines échangeuses d'anions constitue un autre procédé d'utilisation des complexes, abondamment étudié et illustré ces dernières années.

Pour un certain nombre de solutés moléculaires, un procédé de fixation par formation de complexes avec l'ion échangeable de la résine a été conçu, constituant une extension très intéressante des possibilités d'application des résines échangeuses d'ions à la séparation de molécules possédant ces propriétés complexantes.

Dans de nombreux cas, ces divers procédés permettent d'atteindre une haute sélectivité et de réaliser des séparations aisées et rapides, sans mettre en oeuvre les techniques chromatographiques. Pour les constituants de mélanges dont les comportements sont très voisins, leur emploi n'en devient que plus indispensable pour obtenu le meilleur rendement des techniques chromatographiques de haute efficacité.

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    Bernard Tremillon

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Tremillon, B. Le rôle et l'utilisation de la complexation dans les applications des résines échangeuses d'ions. Z. Anal. Chem. 236, 472–498 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00503299

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