Summary
Partially purified chromaffin granules (granular fraction), crude mitochondria (mitochondrial fraction) and a microsomal fraction were prepared from bovine adrenals by differential centrifugation and characterized by their catecholamine content, succinate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity. During isotonic incubation with 0.1 mM 45Ca2+ all fractions showed an uptake of 45Ca2+, which was stimulated by ATP. In addition, after incubation the granular fraction was further fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (2.0–1.3 M sucrose; 170,000g·60 min). In some of these experiments the granular fraction was incubated simultaneously with 45Ca2+ and [3H](-)noradrenaline to compare the uptake of both. The rate of uptake of 45Ca2+ into the 2.0 M sucrose fraction (characterized by the highest catecholamine content and the lowest succinate dehydrogenase activity) was doubled by ATP. The ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into the 2.0 M sucrose fraction of chromaffin granules was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (0.1 mM), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) (0.1 mM), azide (1 mM), carbonyl cyanide mchlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) (20μM), atractyloside (50 μM), ruthenium red (40 μM) and amobarbital (1 mM). This inhibition pattern was different from that of the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into the microsomal fraction, but it was similar to that of the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into the mitochondrial fraction. However, the following differences are incompatible with the view that a mitochondrial contamination, with a highly active uptake, is responsible for the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into the 2.0 M sucrose fraction of chromaffin granules: a) The uptake of 45Ca2+ into the mitochondrial fraction was insensitive to 1 mM amobarbital, whereas this agent inhibited the uptake of 45Ca2+ into the 2.0 M sucrose fraction of chromaffin granules. b) Replacement of ATP by succinate stimulated the uptake of 45Ca2+ into the mitochondrial fraction only. c) The dependence of the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ on the concentration of ATP (0.1–5 mM) was determined: while uptake into the 2.0 M sucrose fraction of chromaffin granules exhibited saturation kinetics, that into the mitochondrial fraction was linearly related to the concentration of ATP. Interestingly, uptake of 45Ca2+ into those fractions of chromaffin granules that are known to be contaminated with mitochondria (1.6 M sucrose fraction) exhibited bot a saturable and a nonsaturable component. d) The uptake of 45Ca2+ into the mitochondrial fraction was more sensitive to 0.1 mM DNP than the uptake of 45Ca2+ into the 2.0 M sucrose fraction of chromaffin granules.
The comparison of the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ with that of [3H](-)noradrenaline into the 2.0 M sucrose fraction of chromaffin granules revealed that amobarbital, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), DNP and increasing concentrations of ATP had the same influence on both uptake processes. From our results we conclude that an inherent, ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ exists in chromaffin granules. The effects of agents on the uptake of 45Ca2+ and/or [3H](-)noradrenaline into chromaffin granules are discussed with regard to the granular uptake mechanisms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bashford CL, Casey RP, Radda GK, Ritchie GA (1975) The effect of uncouplers on catecholamine incorporation by vesicles of chromaffin granules. Biochem J 148:153–155
Bashford CL, Casey RP, Radda GK, Ritchie GA (1976) Energycoupling in adrenal chromaffin granules. Neuroscience 1:399–412
Bergmeyer HU (1974) Methoden der enzymatischen Analyse. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim
Bielawski J, Lehninger AL (1966) Stoichiometric relationships in mitochondrial accumulation of calcium and phosphate supported by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. J Biol Chem 241:4316–4322
Bødtker-Næss V, Slinde E, Terland O, Flatmark T (1978) On the polydispersity of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules — analytical differential centrifugation in isotonic homogeneous medium. Biochem Biophys Acta 541:124–134
Borowitz JL (1967) Calcium binding by subcellular fractions of bovine adrenal medulla. J Cell Physiol 69:305–310
Borowitz JL (1969) Effect of acetylcholine on the subcellular distribution of 45Ca in bovine adrenal medulla. Biochem Pharmacol 18:715–723
Borowitz JL, Fuwa K, Weiner N (1965) Distribution of metals and catecholamines in bovine adrenal medulla sub-cellular fractions. Nature (Lond) 205:42–43
Burger A, Bellersheim M(1976) Ca2+-uptake into noradrenaline-storing granules of bovine splenic nerves. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 296:47–57
Burger A, Häusler R (1977) Uptake of Ca2+ into isolated adrenal medullary granules. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 297:R46
Carafoli E, Rossi CS, Lehninger AL (1964) Uptake of adenine nucleotides by respiring mitochondria during active accumulation of Ca2+ and phosphate. J Biol Chem 240:2254–2261
DeDuve C, Pressman BC, Gianetto R, Wattiaux R, Apelmans F (1955) Tissue fractionation studies. 6. Intracellular distribution patterns of enzymes in rat-liver tissue. Biochem J 60:604–617
Euler US von, Lishajko F (1969) Effects of some metabolic co-factors and inhibitors on transmitter release and uptake in isolated adrenergic nerve granules. Acta Physiol Scand 77:289–307
Flatmark T, Terland O, Helle KB (1971) Electron carriers of the bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. Biochim Biophys Acta 226:9–19
Garland PB, Clegg RA, Light PA, Ragan CI (1969) In: Bücher T, Sies H (eds) Inhibitors — tools in cell research.20. Mosbacher Colloquium 1969. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Hanstein WG (1976) Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 456:129–148
Hatefi Y, Galante YM (1978) Organization of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In: Schäfer G, Klingenberg M (eds) Energy conservation in biological membranes. 29. Mosbacher Colloquium. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Johnson RG, Scarpa A (1976) Ion permeability of isolated chromaffin granules. J Gen Physiol 68:601–631
Kostron H, Winkler H, Geissler D, König P (1977a) Uptake of calcium by chromaffin granules in vitro. J Neurochem 28:487–493
Kostron H, Winkler H, Peer LJ, König P (1977b) Uptake of adenosine triphosphate by isolated adrenal chromaffin granules: a carrier-mediated transport. Neuroscience 2:159–166
Lehninger AL, Carafoli E, Rossi CS (1967) Energy-linked ion movements in mitochondrial systems. Adv Enzymol 29:259–320
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275
MacLennan DH, Wong PTS (1971) Isolation of a calcium-sequestering protein from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 68:1231–1235
Mahler HR, Cordes EH (1966) Biological chemistry. John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo
Moore CL (1971) Specific inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport by ruthenium red. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 42:298–305
Morris SJ, Schovanka I (1977) Some physical properties of adrenal medulla chromaffin granules isolated by a new continuous iso-osmotic density gradient method. Biochim Biophys Acta 464:53–64
Niedermaier W, Burger A (1981) Two different ATP-dependent mechanisms for calcium uptake into chromaffin granules and mitochondria: effects of lyotropic anions and of rotenone. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 316:(in press)
Njus D, Radda GK (1978) Bioenergetic processes in chromaffin granules a new perspective on some old problems. Biochim Biophys Acta 463:219–244
Palmer JF (1963) The use of β-thiopropionic acid for stabilizing the fluorescence of adrenolutine and noradrenolutine. J Pharm Pharmacol 15:777–778
Phillips JH, Allison YP, Morris SJ (1977) The distribution of calcium, magnesium, copper and iron in the bovine adrenal medulla. Neuroscience 2:147–152
Poisner AM, Hava M (1970) The role of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine triphosphatase in the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla. IV. Adenosine triphosphate-activated uptake of calcium by microsomes and mitochondria. Mol Pharmacol 6:407–415
Porteous JW, Clark B (1965) The isolation and characterization of subcellular components of the epithelial cells of rabbit small intestine. Biochem J 96:159–171
Reed KC, Bygrave FL (1974) The inhibition of mitochondrial calcium transport by lanthanides and ruthenium red. Biochem J 140:143–155
Serck-Hanssen G, Christiansen EN (1973) Uptake of calcium in chromaffin granules of bovine adrenal medulla stimulated in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 307:404–414
Silsand T, Flatmark T (1974) Purification of cytochrome b-561 an integral heme protein of the adrenal chromaffin granule membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta 359:257–266
Smith AD, Winkler H (1966) The localization of lysosomal enzymes in chromaffin tissue. J Physiol (Lond) 183:179–188
Sordahl LA, Asimakis GK (1978) Role of adenine nucleotides in calcium retention in heart mitochondria. Ann NY Acad Sci 307:238–241
Taugner G, Hasselbach W (1966) Über den Mechanismus der Catecholamin-Speicherung in den „chromaffinen Granula” des Nebennierenmarks. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmakol Exp Pathol 255:266–286
Terland O, Flatmark T (1973) NADH (NADPH): (acceptor) oxidoreductase activities of the bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. Biochim Biophys Acta 305:206–218
Terland O, Silsand T, Flatmark T (1974) Cytochrome b-561 as the single heme protein of the bovine adrenal chromaffin granule membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta 359:253–256
Toll L, Gundersen CB, Jr, Howard BD(1977) Energy utilization in the uptake of catecholamines by synaptic vesicles and chromaffin granules. Brain Res 136:59–66
Trifaró JM, Dworkind J (1970) A new and simple method for isolation of adrenal chromaffin granules by means of an isotonic density gradient. Anal Biochem 34:403–412
White A, Handler P, Smith EL (1968) Principles of biochemistry. Kagkusha Company, Ltd., Tokyo
Winkler H (1976) Commentary: The composition of adrenal chromaffin granules: an assessment of controversial results. Neuroscience 1:65–80
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Some results were reported at the 18th Spring Meeting 1977 of the Deutsche Pharmakologische Gesellschaft (Burger and Häusler 1977)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Häusler, R., Burger, A. & Niedermaier, W. Evidence for an inherent, ATP-stimulated uptake of calcium into chromaffin granules. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 315, 255–267 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00499843
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00499843