Skip to main content
Log in

Muscarine- and carbachol-induced aggressions: Fear and irritable kinds of aggressions

  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In unaneasthetized and unrestrained cats, muscarine and carbachol were injected into the cerebral ventricles. The kind of aggressive behaviour depended on the cholinomimetic drug and was classified as fear and an irritable kind of aggression. Muscarine induced the fear kind of aggression. The aggressive behaviour was usually preceded by attempts to escape and the attack was relevant to the situation. For the attack the presence of some threatening agent was needed. The aggression was accompanied by intense motor but less autonomic activation. On the other hand, carbachol induced an irritable kind of aggression and had the following characteristics: for the attack the presence of some threatening agent was not needed; the attack was not relevant to the situation; the aggression was not preceded by attempts to escape; and the aggressive behaviour was accompanied by intense motor and autonomic activation. It is concluded that cholinoceptive mechanisms are involved in the control of aggressive behaviour.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bard, P.: A diencephalic mechanism for expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. Am. J. Physiol. 84, 490–515 (1928)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, B. L.: Comparison of the behavioral effects of electrical or chemical stimulation applied at the same brain loci. Exp. Neurol. 19, 412–432 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beleslin, D. B., Grbović, L., Radmanović, B. Ž.: The pharmacology of gross behavioural effects of cholinomimetic substances injected into the cerebral ventricles of unanaesthetized cats: evidence for central muscarinic mediation. Neuropharmacology 13, 1163–1169 (1974a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beleslin, D. B., Samardžić, R., Malobabić, Z. S.: An analysis of the gross behavioural changes induced by tetraethylammonium and a comparison with other substances affecting the autonomic and central nervous system after intraventricular injections to conscious cats. Neuropharmacology 13, 1171–1177 (1974b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beleslin, D., Samardžić, R.: Analyse pharmacologique de l'action de l'ésérine et de la néostigmine injectées dans le ventricule cérébral sur le comportement général du chat conscient. J. Pharmacol. (Paris) 7, 203–210 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berntson, G. G., Leibowitz, S. F.: Biting attack in cats: evidence for central muscarinic mediation. Brain Res. 51, 366–370 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Connor, J. D., Rossi, G. V., Baker, W. W.: Analysis of the tremor induced by injection of cholinergic agents into the caudate nucleus. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 5, 207–216 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., Yamamoto, K., Dren, A. T.: Role of cholinergic mechanism in states of wakefulness and sleep. Prog. Brain Res. 28, 113–133 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg, W., Sherwood, S. L.: A permanent cannula for intraventricular injection in cats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 120, 3–4P (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, J. P., Vanegas, H., Foote, W., Edwards, S.: Neural mechanisms involved in a cat's attack on a rat. In: The neuronal control of behavior, R. E. Whalen, R. F. Thompson, M. Verzeano, and N. M. Weinberger, eds., pp. 135–173. New York: Academic Press 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • George, R., Haslett, W. L., Jenden, D. J.: The production of tremor by cholinergic drugs: central sites of action. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 5, 27–34 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunne, L.-M., Lewander, T.: Monoamines in brain and adrenal glands of cats after electrically induced defense reaction. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67, 405–410 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Karczmar, A. G.: Central actions of acetylcholine, cholinomimetics and related drugs. In: Biology of cholinergic function, A. M. Goldberg and I. Hanin, eds., pp. 395–449. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, G. B.: Central stimulant properties of compounds with peripheral muscarinic properties. Nature 208, 1291–1293 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, P. D.: Chemical and electrical stimulation of hippocampus in unrestrained animals. A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. 78, 128–142 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marley, E., Seller, T. J.: Effects of muscarine given into the brain of fowls. Br. J. Pharmacol. 44, 413–434 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, G. M.: Apomorphine-induced aggression in the rat. Brain Res. 34, 323–331 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, R. D.: Emotional and autonomic responses following hypothalamic chemical stimulation. Can. J. Psychol. 18, 6–14 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, K. E.: Kinds of aggression and their phyiological basis. Commun. Behav. Biol. [Part. A] 2, 65–87 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis, D. J.: The chemical coding of aggression in brain. In: Neurohumoral coding of brain function, R. D. Myers and R. R. Drucker-Colin, eds., pp. 125–150. New York: Plenum Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis, D. J., Miura, M., Weinbren, M., Gunne, L.-M.: Brain catecholamines: relation to defense reaction evoked by acute brainstem transection in cat. Science 156, 1768–1770 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis, D. J., Moorhead, D. T., Merlino, N.: Dopa-induced excitement in the cat. Arch. Neurol. 22, 31–39 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Riehl, J. L., Paul-David, J., Unna, K. R.: Comparison of the effects of arecoline and muscarine on the central nervous system. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 1, 393–401 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Senault, B.: Comportement d'agressivité intraspécifique induit par l'apomorphine chez le rat. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 18, 271–287 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, L., Seifter, J.: Muscarinic synapses in the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. 202, 751–756 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasman, M., Flynn, J. P.: Direct attack elicited from hypothalamus. Arch. Neurol. 6, 60–67 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beleslin, D.B., Samardžić, R. Muscarine- and carbachol-induced aggressions: Fear and irritable kinds of aggressions. Psychopharmacology 55, 233–236 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00497853

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00497853

Key words

Navigation