Abstract
Soils from the C-horizon of deciduous forests in southern Sweden, originally sampled in 1947-52, were resampled in 1988. Air-dried soil from both periods were extracted in 1991 using M NH4Ac, pH 4.8, and 0.2 M HNO3 for analysis of exchangeable and acid soluble pools of Na, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, Sr, Zn, Fe, S, P, and Al. Using acid NH4Ac as extractant nine elements had changed significantly (p<0.05) over 40 yr. In particular, the pools of exchangeable base cations and Mn had decreased, whereas those of Al, S, and Fe had increased. The HNO3 extraction showed the same tendency as NH4Ac for most elements, but the relative changes were always smaller. The largest decrease was measured in Na with both extractants (only 10 to 30% remaining in 1988). Of K, Mg, Ca, and Sr, about 40 to 60% remained with NH4Ac and about 70% with HNO3. The NH4Ac exchangeable pool of Al, on the contrary, was twice as high in 1988 as in 1947–52. Amounts obtained with the two extractants were usually positively correlated (r>0.90 for Na, K, Mg, and Sr), but with the exception of S, values for HNO3 were higher or much higher. It is concluded that a decided decrease of the exchangeable pools of base cations and an equally decided increase of exchangeable Al has occurred even in the C-horizon, well below the main rhizosphere. That also the acid soluble pools of base cations have decreased indicates mineralogical changes which may counteract a complete reversibility of the current soil acidification.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, F.: 1965, ‘Manganese’, in C. A. Black, D. D. Evans, J. L. White, L. E. Ensminger, F. F. Clark, and R. C. Dinauer (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis 2. Agronomy 9. Madison, Wis., U.S.A., 1011.
Bardsley, C. E. and Lancaster, J. D.: 1960, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 24, 265.
Bartlett, R. and James, B.: 1980. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 721.
Berggren, D., Bergkvist, B., Falkengren-Grerup, U., Folkeson, L., and Tyler, G.: 1990, Sci. Tot. Environ. 96, 103.
Bergkvist, B.: 1987, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 32, 131.
Billet, M. F., Parker-Jervis, F., FitzPatrick, E. A., and Cresser, M. S.: 1990, J. Soil Sci. 41, 133.
Carbonnier, C.: 1971, Studio Forestalia Suecica 91, 1.
Carbonnier, C.: 1975, Studio Forestalia Suecica 125, 1.
Dässler, H-G. and Ranft, H.: 1989, AFZ 7, 176.
Falkengren-Grerup, U.: 1986, Oecol. 70, 339.
Falkengren-Grerup, U., Linnermark, N., and Tyler, G.: 1987, Chemosph. 16, 2239.
Falkengren-Grerup, U. and Tyler, G.: 1991, Scand. J. For. Res. 6, 145.
Fölster, H.: 1985, ‘Proton Consumption Rates in Holocene and Present-Day Weathering of Acid Forest Soils’, in J. I. Drever (ed.), The Chemistry of Weathering, D. Reidel, Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 197–209.
Hallbäcken, L. and Tamm. C. O.: 1986, Scand. J. For. Res. 1, 219.
Helgeson, H. C., Murphy, W. M., and Aagardh, P.: 1984, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, 2405.
Metson, A. J.: 1974, N.Z.J. Exp. Agric. 2, 277.
Olson, R. V. and Roscoe Ellis, Jr.: 1982, ‘Iron’, in A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. Agronomy 9. Madison, Wise., U.S.A., pp. 301–312.
Saarinen, J.: 1989, Suo 40, 149.
Sverdrup, H. and Warfvinge, P.: 1988, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 38, 387.
Tyler, G.: 1981, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 15, 353.
Ulrich, B. and Meyer, H.: 1987, Forschungsz. Waldökosysteme/Waldsterben, 6B, 1.
Zezschwitz, E. von: 1985, Geologisches Jahrbuch 20F, 3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Falkengren-Grerup, U., Tyler, G. Changes since 1950 of mineral pools in the upper C-horizon of Swedish deciduous forest soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 64, 495–501 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00483359
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00483359