Abstract
Wetland development offers the opportunity to replace and enhance ecological functions lost through permitted wetland impacts. Components necessary for the restoration and creation of wetlands are presented and examples of wetland construction are described to illustrate the application of wetland design. Land contours, top soil, hydrology and vegetation were manipulated to develop wooded wetlands at sites in Ohio and South Carolina. In Ohio, approximately 30 ha of former crop land/sod farm were modified to bring water from the adjacent creek onto the site and hold it to saturate soils for wetland development. A 2.8 ha ponding area and channels were constructed, berms were built to slow the exit of stormwater runoff, and trees were planted in spring 1994. The mitigation site lies adjacent to a park and high school, thereby also providing community benefits and wetland education opportunities. In South Carolina, 9.5 ha of an abandoned soil borrow pit were converted into wooded wetlands, hydrologically connected to an adjacent swamp. Native plants were removed from the 4 ha of isolated wetlands to be impacted, and were augmented with nursery stock to create the mitigation wetland. Monitoring of vegetation, hydrology and wildlife usage of the constructed system continues to document wetland development and success.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamus, P.R., Clairain, E.J., Smith, R.D., and Young, R.E.: 1987, Wetland Evaluation Technique. Volumes I and II. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, 206 pp.
Brinson, M.M.: 1993, Changes in the functions of wetlands along environmental gradients. Wetlands 13:65–74.
Carnell, R. and Anderson, M.A.: 1986, A technique for extensive field measurement of soil anaerobism by rusting steel rods. Forestry 59(2): 129–140.
Clewell, A.F., and Lea, R.: 1990, Creation and restoration of forested wetland vegetation in the Southeastern United States, in: Kusler, J.A., and Kentula, M.E. (eds), Wetland creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 195–231.
Clewell, A.F.: 1986, Assessment of 5.75 acres north of Old Dike at McMullen Branch Restoration Area, Brewster Phosphates, Bradley, Florida.
Environmental Laboratory: 1987, Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report Y-87-1, 75 pp.
Gibb, D.M., and Coffman, G.C.: 1993, Soil saturation determination for wetland mitigation monitoring using “rusty rods” — a case study, in: Hatcher, K.J. (ed), Proceedings of the 1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA (in press).
Hammer, Donald A.: 1992, Creating Freshwater Wetlands. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 266 pp.
Hook, D.D.: 1984, Waterlogging tolerance of lowland tree species of the south. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, vol. 8, no. 3, 136–149.
McKee, W.H.: 1978, Rust on iron rods indicates depth to soil water tables, in: Balmer, W.E. (ed), Proc. Soil Moisture Site Productivity Symposium. U.S. Department of Agriculture, pp. 286–291.
National Wetlands Newsletter: 1992, Focus Issue: Wetland Mitigation Banking. Vol. 14:1
Nelson, J.B.: 1985, The natural communities of South Carolina, South Carolina Wildl. and Marine Reserve Dep., Columbia, S.C. 55 pp.
Reed, Sherwood C., chair: 1990, Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment. Water Pollution Control Federation, Alexandria, VA, 260 pp.
Taylor, J.R., Cardamore, M.A., Hitsch, W.J.: 1990, Bottomland hardwood forests: their functions and values, in: Gooselink, J.G. Lee, L.C., and Huir, T.A. (eds), Ecological Processes and Cumulative Impacts: Illustrated by Bottomland Hardwood Wetland Ecosystems. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 13–86.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydraulic Engineering Center: 1988, Computer Program, HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles, Davis, CA.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 1988, National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Northeast (Region 1). Biological Report 88(26.1), 111 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 1988, National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: Southeast (Region 2). U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(26.2), 124 pp.
Willard, D.E., Finn, V.T., Levine, D.A., and Klarquist, J.E.: 1990, Creation and restoration of riparian wetlands in the agricultural midwest, in: Kusler, J.A., and Kentula, H.E. (eds), Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 327–350.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McCuskey, S.A., Conger, A.W. & Hillestad, H.O. Design and implementation of functional wetland mitigation: Case studies in Ohio and South Carolina. Water Air Soil Pollut 77, 513–532 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00478436
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00478436