Summary
In the first part, the author makes a comparative study of the tympanometric results obtained from the normally hearing child and the hard of hearing child. The frequency of serous otitis media is statistically higher in the deaf child. The author compares such results of tympanometry as obtained from the child, considers the contribution of this technique to the field of pediatric audiology and suggests a classification of tympanograms in terms of the probe-tone frequency of the impedancemeter.
The second part concerns the acoustico-facial reflex. This study compares the recording of the stapedius reflex obtained by pure tone and Narrow-Band noise acoustic stimulation, thanks to Madsen electro-acoustic bridge, in two groups of children, the one consisting of normal hearing children and the other of children suffering from severe perception hearing loss. The study of the stapedius reflex threshold makes it possible to analyse the dynamics of the field of perception in both groups. After an analysis of the results, the author outlines the importance attributable to the study of the stapedius reflex in the child as a means of objectively examining the auditive function and a means of differential diagnosis in cases of sensorineural impairment of the hearing function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alberti, P. W., Kristensen, R.: The clinical application of impedance audiometry. Laryngoscope 80, 735–746 (1970)
Alberti, P. W., Jerger, J. F.: Probe-tone frequency and the diagnosis value of tympanometry. Arch. oto-laryng. 99, 206–210 (1974)
Anderson, H., Wedenberg, E.: Audiometric identification of normal hearing carriers of genes for deafness. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 65, 535–554 (1968)
Anderson, H., Barr, B., Wedenberg, E.: The early detection of acoustic tumors by the stapedius reflex test, in sensorineural hearing loss. A CIBA Foundation Symposium, pp. 275–289. London: Churchill 1970
Beery, Q. C., Andrus, W. S., Bluestone, C. D.: Tympanometry in relation to middle ear effusions in children. Presented at the American speech and Hearing Association, Detroit, Oct. 14, 1973
Bennet, R. J., Chakraborty, A. N.: Primary myringotomy for secretory otitis media. J. Laryng. 83, 589–600 (1969)
Bess, F. H., Lewis, H. D., Cieliczka, D. J.: Acoustic impedance measurements in cleft-palate children. J. Speech Hearing Dis. 40, 13–24 (1975)
Bicknell, M. R., Morgan, N. V.: A clinical evaluation of the Zwislocki acoustic bridge. J. Laryng. 82, 673–692 (1968)
Bluestone, C. D., Paradise, J. L., Smith, C. D.: Tympanometric screening for otitis media in infants and young children. Unpublished article (1972)
Bluestone, C. D., Beery, Q. C., Paradise, J. L.: Audiometry and tympanometry in relation to middle ear effusions in children. Laryngoscope. 83, 594–604 (1973)
Bluestone, C. D., Shurin, P. A.: Middle ear disease in children. Pediat. Clin. N. Amer. 21, 379–400 (1974)
Bluestone, C. D., Cantekin, E. I., Beery, Q. C.: Certain effects of adenoidectomy on Eustachian tube ventilatory function. Laryngoscope 85, 113–127 (1975)
Borg, E.: Acoustic middle ear reflexes: a sensory-control system. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.), Suppl. 304 (1972)
Brooks, D. N.: An objective method of detecting fluid in the middle ear. J. Int. Audiol. 7, 280–286 (1968)
Brooks, D. N.: The use of the electro-acoustic impedance bridge in the assessment of middle ear function. J. Int. Audiol. 8, 563–569 (1969)
Brooks, D. N.: Electro-acoustic impedance bridge studies on normal ears of children. J. Speech Hear. Res. 14, 247–253 (1971)
Brooks, D. N.: Hearing screening: a comparative study of an impedance method and pure tone screening. Scand. Audiol. 2, 67–72 (1973)
Brooks, D. N.: Impedance bridge studies on normal hearing and hearing impaired children. Acta otorhino-laryng. belg. 28, 140–145 (1974)
Chiveralls, K., Fitzsimons, R.: Stapedial reflex action in normal subjects. Brit. J. Audiol. 7, 105–110 (1973)
Colletti, V.: Some stapedius reflex parameters in normal and pathological conditions. J. Laryng. 88, 127–137 (1974)
Colletti, V.: Indagine timpanometrica a più frequenze (nota preliminare). Valsalva 50, 152–173 (1974)
Creten, W. L., Van Camp, K. J.: Transient and quasi-static tympanometry. Scand. Audiol. 3, 39–42 (1974)
Davidson, F. W.: Prevention of recurrent otitis media in children. Ann. otol. 75, 735 (1966)
Demanez, J. P., Lhonneux-Ledoux: Complémentarité de l'audiométrie à potentiels E.E.G. évoqués et de l'impédancemétrie chez l'enfant sourd. Acta oto-rhinolaryng. belg. 28, 409–417 (1974)
Deutsch, L. J.: The threshold of the stapedius reflex for pure tone and noise stimuli. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 74, 248–251 (1972)
Djupesland, G., Flottorp, G., Winther, F. O.: Size and duration of acoustically elicited impedance changes in man. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.), Suppl. 224, 220–228 (1967)
Esser, G., Schunicht, R.: Objektive Bestimmung der Hörschwelle mit Hilfe der Stapedius-Reflex-Audiometrie. Arch. Ohr-, Nas.- u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 64, 477 (1972)
Feldman, A. S.: Eardrum abnormality and the measurement of middle ear function. Arch. oto-laryng. 99, 211 (1974)
Fulton, R. T., Lamb, L. E.: Acoustic impedance and tympanometry with the retarded: a normative study. Audiology 11, 199–208 (1972)
Gersdorff, M., Vogeleer, M.: L'impédancemétrie clinique. Cahiers d'O.R.L. 8, 16–54 (1973)
Gersdorff, M., Van Den Eeckhaut, J.: Apport de l'impédancemétrie à l'étude de l'audiométrie supraliminaire. Acta oto-rhino-laryng. belg. 27, 507–521 (1973)
Gersdorff, M.: Apport complémentaire de l'impédancemétrie. Acta oto-rhino-laryng. belg. 28, 535–544 (1974)
Harker, L. A., Van Wagoner, R.: Application of impedance audiometry as a screening instrument. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 77, 198–201 (1974)
Harvey, J. A., Wickham, H.: Exsudative otitis media in children. J. Laryng. 80, 26–41 (1966)
Hinchliffe, R.: Epidemiological aspects of otitis media. In: Glorig A., Gerwin, K. S. (eds.): Otitis media: Proceedings of the National Conference, Callier Hearing and Speech Center, Dallas. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1972
Holst, H. E., Ingelstedt, S., Örtegren, U.: Ear drum movements following Stimulation of the middle ear muscles. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.), Suppl. 182 (1963)
Hood, R., Lamb, L.: Tympanometry: reliability and applicability. Chicago: ASHA Convention 1969
Hoshino, T., Paparella, M. M.: Middle ear muscle anomalies. Arch. oto-laryng. 94, 235–239 (1971)
Jepsen, O.: The threshold of the reflexes of the intratympanic muscles in a normal material examined by means of the impedance method. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 39, 406–408 (1951)
Jepsen, O.: Studies on the acoustic stapedius reflex in man. Thesis. Aarhus: Universitetsforlaget 1955
Jepsen, O.: Middle-ear muscle reflexes in man. In: Jerger, J. (ed.): Modern developments in audiology, Ch. 6, pp. 193–239. New York: Academic Press 1963
Jerger, J.: Clinical experience with impedance audiometry. Arch. oto-laryng. 92, 311–324 (1970)
Jerger, J., Jerger, S., Mauldin, L.: Studies in impedance audiometry. I. Normal and sensorineural ears. Arch. oto-laryng. 96, 513–523 (1972)
Jerger, J., Antony, L., Jerger, S., Mauldin, L.: Studies in impedance audiometry. Arch. oto-laryng. 99, 165–171 (1974a)
Jerger, S., Jerger, J., Mauldin, L., Segal, Ph.: Studies in impedance audiometry. II. Children less than 6 years old. Arch. oto-laryng. 99, 1–9 (1974b)
Keith, R. W.: Impedance audiometry with neonates. Arch. oto-laryng. 97, 465–467 (1973)
Kersley, J. A., Wickham, H.: Exudative otitis media in children. J. Laryng. 80, 26–41 (1966)
Lemon, N.: Serous otitis media in children. Laryngoscope 72, 32–47 (1962)
Liden, G.: The stapedius muscle reflex used as an objective recruitment test: a clinical and experimental study. In: Sensorineural hearing loss. A CIBA Foundation Symposium, pp. 295–308. London: Churchill 1970
Liden, G., Peterson, J. L., Bjorkmann, G.: Tympanometry. Arch. oto-laryng. 92, 248–257 (1970)
Liden, G., Bjorkmann, G., Peterson, J. L.: Clinical equipment for measurement of middle ear muscle reflexes and tympanometry. J. Speech Hearing Dis. 37, 100–112 (1972a)
Liden, G., Harford, E., Hallen, O.: Tympanometry in clinical practice. Audiology 11, 82 (1972b)
Liden, G., Harford, E., Hallen, O.: Automatic tympanometry in clinical practice. Audiology 13, 126–139 (1974)
Martin, F. N., Butler, E. C., Burns, P.: A variation of the type B tympanogram. Laryngoscope 83, 1783–1785 (1973)
McRobert, H.: Acoustic stimulation of the tympanic muscles. Ph. D. Thesis, Liverpool University 1967
McRobert, H., Bryan, M. E., Tempest, W.: The acoustic stimulation of the middle ear muscles. J. Sound Vib. 7, 129–142 (1968)
Metz, O.: Thresholds of reflex contractions of muscles of middle ear and recruitment of loudness. Arch. oto-laryng. 55, 536–543 (1952)
Møller, A. R.: Bilateral contractions of the tympanic muscles in man examined by measuring acoustic impedance change. Ann. Otol. 70, 735–753 (1961)
Møller, A. R.: Network model of the middle ear. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 33, 168–176 (1961)
Møller, A. R.: Acoustic reflex in man. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 34, 1524–1534 (1962)
Møller, A. R.: An experimental study of the acoustic impedance of the middle ear and its transmission properties. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 60, 129–149 (1965)
Muller, G., Geter, R.: Klinische Anwendung der Tympanometrie. Laryng. Rhinol. 53, 188–194 (1974)
Niemeyer, W., Sesterhenn, G.: Calculating the hearing threshold from the stapedius reflex threshold for different sound stimuli. Audiology 13, 421–427 (1974)
Norris, T. W., Stelmachowicz, P., Bowling, C., Taylor, D.: Latency measures of the acoustic reflex. Normal versus sensorineural. Audiology 13, 464–469 (1974)
Olivier, J. C.: Les mesures d'impédance en audiométrie. Les cahiers de la C.F.A., No. 11, 71p. Compagnie Française d'Audiologie, Paris 1971
Olivier, J. C.: Tentative d'évaluation des surdités de l'enfant par le réflexe stapédien. Rev. Laryng. 93, 418–425 (1972)
Olivier, J. C.: La tympanométrie dans l'otite séreuse. Acta oto-rhino-laryng. belg. 28, 527–534 (1974)
Peterson, J. L., Liden, G.: Some static characteristics of the stapedial muscle reflex. Audiology 11, 97–114 (1972)
Rasmussen, P. E.: Middle ear and maxillary sinus during nitrous anesthesia. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 63, 7 (1967)
Renvall, U., Liden, G., Jungert, S., Nilssen, E.: Impedance audiometry as screening method in school children. Scand. Audiol. 2, 133–137 (1973)
Robertson, E. O., Peterson, J. L., Lamb, L. E.: Relative impedance measurements in young children. Arch. oto-laryng. 88, 162–168 (1968)
Siegel, S.: Non parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. International student edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; Tokyo: Kôgakusha Comp. 1956
Terkildsen, K.: An evaluation of perceptive hearing losses in children, based on recruitment determinations. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 51, 476–484 (1960)
Terkildsen, K.: Clinical application of impedance measurements with a fixed frequency technique. J. Int. Audiol. 3, 147–155 (1964)
Van Fraeyenhoven, Cl.: Round table: The impedance in physics and middle ear surgery. Acta otorhino-laryng. belg. 28, 576–577 (1974)
Vanhuyse, V. J., Creten, W. L., Van Camp, K. J.: On the W-notching of tympanograms. Scand. Audiol. 4, 45–50 (1975)
Van Camp, K. J., Raman, E. R., Creten, W. L.: Two-component versus admittance tympanometry. Audiology 15, 120–127 (1976)
Weiss, J. S., Mundie, J. R., Cashin, J. L., Shinabarger, E. W.: The normal human intra-aural muscle reflex in response to sound. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 55, 505–515 (1963)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
We wish to thank most sincerely Professor J. Marquet, Messrs. K. J. Van Camp and W. L. Creten of the University of Antwerp as well as Mr. M. Citta of the University of Louvain for their precious collaboration.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gersdorff, M.C. Comparative study between the normally hearing child and the hard of hearing child, by acoustic impedance measurements of the ear. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 217, 13–31 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00453887
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00453887