Skip to main content
Log in

Diagnosis and therapy of renal tubular acidosis in infancy

  • Published:
Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

While disturbances of the acid-base balance are frequently seen in infancy, renal tubular acidosis is a rather rare disease but should be considered as diffential diagnosis if metabolic acidosis persists after adequate treatment. Proximal and distal tubular acidosis with primary and secondary forms can be differentiated. Proximal RTA is characterized by the loss of bicarbonate, distal RTA by a defect to establish a hydrogen ion gradient and thus to accomplish acidification of urine. In addition to these two basic forms a bicarbonate wasting state in distal RTA has been described. A patient with these clinical features is presented. He was admitted to our hospital at the age of 1 month with meningitis, enteritis and marked dystrophy. A persistant hyperchloraemic acidosis with concomitant hypokalaemia was present. The ammonium chloride loading test confirmed the diagnosis of primary distal RTA. Renal biopsy performed with 1 year of age revealed nephrocalcinosis of the inner medullary region of the kidney while the cortex was not affected. The patient first needed alkali doses of 12 mEq/kg/day which could be gradually reduced to 3.5 mEq/kg/day. Under additional potassium substitution of 5 mEq/kg/day he was thriving well. Differential diagnosis and the particular clinical features of this case are discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Während Störungen des Säure-Basen-Haushalts im Säuglingsalter häufig auftreten, ist die renale tubuläre Acidose eine recht seltene Erkrankung. Sie sollte jedoch in die Differentialdiagnose mit einbezogen werden, wenn eine metabolische Acidose nach adäquater Therapie noch weiter bestehen bleibt. Eine proximale und eine distale tubuläre Acidose werden unterschieden, die entweder primär oder sekundär bedingt sein können. Die proximale RTA ist gekennzeichnet durch Bicarbonatverlust, bei der distalen RTA kann kein ausreichend großer H-Ionen-Gradient zwischen Tubuluslumen und Tubuluszelle aufrechterhalten werden, um die Urinansäuerung zu ermöglichen. Außerdem unterscheidet man bei der distalen RTA zwei Formen des Bicarbonatverlustes. Es wird über einen Patienten mit den typischen Symptomen dieser Erkrankung berichtet. Er wurde im Alter von 1 Monat mit Meningitis, Dyspepsie und ausgeprägter Dystrophie in unsere Klinik aufgenommen. Es bestand eine persistierende hyperchlorämische Acidose und gleichzeitig eine Hypokaliämie. Der Belastungstest mit Ammonium-Chlorid bestätigte die Diagnose einer primären distalen RTA. Eine im Alter von 1 Jahr durchgeführte Nierenbiopsie ergab eine Nephrocalcinose der inneren Markregion bei regelrecht aufgebauter Nierenrinde. Der Patient brauchte zunächst 12 mval/kg/die, später noch 3,5 mval/kg/die an Puffersubstanzen zum Ausgleich der Acidose. Die tägliche Kaliumsubstitution beträgt 5 mval/kg Körpergewicht. Die Differentialdiagnose und das besondere klinische Erscheinungsbild dieses Falles werden diskutiert.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Albright, F., Burnett, C. H., Parson, W., Reifenstein, E. C., Jr., Roos, A.: Osteomalacia and late rickets. The various etiologies met in the United States with emphasis on that resulting from a specific form of renal acidosis, the therapeutic indications for each etiological sub-group, and the relationship between osteomalacia and Milkman's syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 25, 399 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Butler, A. M., Wilson, J. L., Farber, S.: Dehydration and acidosis with calcification of renal tubules. J. Pediat. 8, 489 (1936)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Donckerwolcke, R. A., v. Stekelenburg, G. J., Tiddens, H. A.: Therapy of bicarbonate-losing renal tubular acidosis. Arch. Dis. Childh. 45, 774 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Edelmann, C. M., Jr.: Pediatric nephrology. Pediatrics 51, 854 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Edelmann, C. M., Jr., Barnett, H. L., Stark, H., Boichis, H., Rodriguez Soriano, J.: A standardized test of renal concentrating capacity in children. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 114, 639 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Edelmann, C. M., Jr., Biochis, H., Rodriguez Soriano, J., Stark, H.: Renal response of children to acute ammonium chloride acidosis. Pediat. Res. 1, 452 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Edelmann, C. M., Jr., Houston, I. B., Rodriguez Soriano, J., Biochis, H., Stark, H.: Renal excretion of hydrogen ion in children with idiopathic growth retardation. J. Pediat. 72, 433 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Edelmann, C. M., Jr., Rodriguez Soriano, J., Biochis, H., Stark, H.: An isolated defect in renal bicarbonate reabsorption as a cause of hyperchloremic acidosis. J. Pediat. 67, 946 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Edelmann, C. M., Jr., Rodriguez Soriano, J., Biochis, H., Gruskin, A. B., Acosta, M. I.: Renal bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion excretion in normal infants. J. clin. Invest. 46, 1309 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hodler, J.: Störungen tubulärer Partialfunktionen bei Erkrankungen des Nierentubulus. In: Klinische Pathophysiologie (ed. W. Siegenthaler), pp. 776–784. Stuttgart: Thieme 1970

    Google Scholar 

  11. Houston, J. B., Biochis, H., Edelmann, C. M., Jr.: Fanconi syndrome with renal sodium wasting and metabolic alkalosis. Amer. J. Med. 44, 638 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Lightwood, R.: Calcium infarction of the kidneys. Arch. Dis. Childh. 10, 205 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Morris, R. C., Jr.: Renal tubular acidosis. New Engl. J. Med. 281, 1405 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Morris, E., Sebastian, A., Kranhold, J., Morris, R. C., Jr.: Infantile renal tubular acidosis (RTA), a distinct type. Clin. Res. 17, 441 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Morris, R. C., Jr., Sebastian, A., Mc Sherry, E.: Renal acidosis. Kidney International 1, 322 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Nash, M. A., Torrado, A. D., Greifer, I., Spitzer, A., Edelmann, C. M., Jr.: Renal tubular acidosis in infants and children. Clinical course, response to treatment, and prognosis. J. Pediat. 80, 738 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Oetliker, O., Chattas, A. J., Schultz, S. M.: Characterization of renal contribution to acid-base balance in the pediatric age group. Helv. paediat. Acta 26, 523 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Palmer, R. H., Cornfeld, D.: Primary renal tubular acidosis recognized and treated at three days of age. Clin. Pediat. 12, 140 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pitts, R. F., Ayer, J. L., Schiess, W. A.: The renal regulation of acid-base balance in man. III. The reabsorption and excretion of bicarbonate. J. clin. Invest. 28, 35 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rector, F. C., Jr., Carter, N. W., Seldin, D. W.: The mechanism of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal and distal tubules of the kidney. J. clin. Invest. 44, 278 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rodriguez Soriano, J., Boichis, H., Edelmann, C. M., Jr.: Bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion excretion in renal tubular acidosis. J. Pediat. 71, 802 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rodriguez Soriano, J., Boichis, H., Stark, H., Edelmann, C. M., Jr.: Proximal renal tubular acidosis: A defect in bicarbonate reabsorption with normal urinary acidifination. Pediat. Res. 1, 81 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Rodriguez Soriano, J., Edelmann, C. M., Jr.: Renal tubular acidosis. Ann. Rev. Med. 20, 363 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rodriguez Soriano, J., Vallo, A., Garcia-Fuentes, M.: Distal renal tubular acidosis in infancy: A bicarbonate wasting state. In print

  25. Sebastian, A., Mc Sherry, E., Morris, C. R., Jr.: Renal potassium wasting in renal tubular acidosis. J. clin. Invest. 50, 667 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Seldin, D. W., Wilson, J. D.: Renal tubular acidosis. In: Stanbury, J. B., Wyngarden, J. B., Frederickson, D. S., The metabolic basis of inherited disease, pp. 1230–1246, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill 1966

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wolf, H.: Angeborene und erworbene Funktionsstörungen der Niere. In: Handbuch der Kinderheilkunde (eds. H. Opitz and F. Schmidt), Vol. 7, pp. 1048–1069, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Droste, E., Mietens, C. Diagnosis and therapy of renal tubular acidosis in infancy. Z. Kinder-Heilk. 119, 151–159 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00445022

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00445022

Key words

Navigation