Abstract
Thirty-nine species and 16 fungal genera were isolated from Egyptian cotton seeds, cotton seed meal and cotton seed cake on 1% glucose-Czapek's agar medium incubated at 28 °C. Aspergillus was the most frequent genus and it emerged in 87–100% of the samples contributing 70–98% of total fungi in the three substrates tested. The most common species were A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus and Rhizopus stolonifer; A. niger, A. fumigatus and Penicillium corylophilum; and A. niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. nidulans and Rhizopus stolonifer, respectively. Cotton seeds and cotton seed products were naturally contaminated by aflatoxin B1 and B2. About 16% of the different substrates tested were positive for aflatoxin contamination. No citrinin, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin or zearalenone were detected in the samples assayed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Kader MIA, Moubasher AH, Abdel-Hafez SII: Survey of the mycoflora of barley grains in Egypt. Mycopathol 1979; 68(3): 143–147.
Coomes TJ, Crowther PC, Framcis BJ, Stevens L. Detection and estimation of aflatoxin in groundnut materials for routine assessment of toxicity due to aflatoxin B1. Analyst 1965; 90: 492–96.
Davis ND, Diener UL. Mycotoxins. pp. 397–470. In Bechat, LR (Editor), Food and Beverage Mycology. AVL. Publishing Co. Westoort, Connecticut, 1978.
Edds GT. Aflatoxins. In Conference on Mycotoxins in Animal Feeds and Grains. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A. (pp. 80–101), 1979.
El-Kady IA, El-Maraghy SS. Toxigenic Fusarium isolates from cereal grains in Egypt, pp. 337–343, In ‘Proc Int Symp Mycotoxins’ 6–8 September 1982, Cairo-Egypt, 1982.
El-Kady IA, Moubasher AH, Abdel-Kader MI. Isolation, identification and toxicity of fungi from refrigerated food. Bull Fac Sci, Assiut Univ., 1979; 8(2): 139–149.
El-Kady IA, Abdel-Hafez SII, El-Maraghy SS. Contribution to the fungal flora of cereal grains in Egypt. Mycopathol 1982; 77: 103–109.
El-Zawahri M, Moubasher AH, Morad M, El-Kady IA. Mutagenic effects of aflatoxin B1. Ann Nut Aliment, (France), 1977; 13: 859–866.
Emmami A, Suzanger M, Farivar H, Barnett R. Contamination of Isfahan legumes, cotton seed and cotton seed cake with aflatoxin. 3rd. International I.U.P.A.C. Symposium ‘Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs’. September 16–18, 1976. Paris. France, Abstract No. 17, 1976.
FAO. Food and Nutrition paper, No. 13. Perspective on mycotoxins. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1979.
Goldblatt LA. Control and removal of aflatoxins. J Amer Oil Chem Soc, 1971; 48: 605–610.
Hald B, Krogh P. Occurrence of aflatoxin in imported products. Nort Vet Med, 1970; 22: 39–47.
Joffe AZ. The mycoflora of groundnut rhizosphere, soil and geocarposphere on light, medium and heavy soils and its relation to Aspergillus flavus. Mycopathologia, Mycol Appl 1969; 37: 150–160.
Joffe AZ & Lisker N. The mycoflora of fresh and subsequently stored groundnut kernels on various soil types. Israel J Bot 1969; 18: 77–87.
Kiermier F. Aflatoxin residue in fluid milk. I.U.P.A.C. Symposium. Control of mycotoxins. Kungalv, Sweden, August, 1972; 21–22.
Krogh P, Hald B, Korpinen EL. Occurrence of aflatoxin in groundnut and copra products imported to Finland. Nort Vet Med, 1970; 22: 584–589.
Marsh PB, Simpson ME. Influence of some field conditions on the occurrence of aflatoxins in cotton seeds at harvest. Proc Conf of Collaborators from Southern Agricultural Experiment Station. New Orleans, La. U.S. Dept of Agric Bulletin ARS-S-7, 1976.
Mazen MB, Abdel-Hafez SII, Shaban MM. Survey on the mycoflora of Egyptian wheat grains and their lemmae and paleae. Mycopathol 1984; 85: 155–160.
Moubasher AH, Elnaghy MA, Abdel-Hafez SII. Studies on the fungus flora of three grains in Egypt. Mycopathol et Mycol Applicata 1972; 47(3): 261–274.
Moubasher AH, El-Hissy FT, Abdel-Hafez SII, Hassan SKM. The mycoflora of peanuts in Egypt. Mycopathol 1979; 68(1): 39–46.
Pons WA, Cucullu AF, Franz AO. Rapid quantitative TLC method for determining aflatoxins in cotton seed products. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1972; 55: 768–774.
Przybylski W. Formation of derivatives of aflatoxins on TLC plates. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1975; 58: 163–64.
Purchase IFH. Aflatoxin residues in food of animal origin. Food & Coasmetic Toxicology 1972; 10: 531–544.
Raper KB, Fennel DI. The genus Aspergillus. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, U.S.A., 1965.
Sauer DB. Contamination of mycotoxins: When it occurs and how to prevent it. (pp. 147–158). In Wyllie TD and Morehouse LG (Editors). Mycotoxic fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses. Vol. 3. Marcel Dekker, INC. New York and Basel, 1978.
Schneider S, De Leon R, Gracia-Prendes M, Rolz C. Determination of aflatoxin-producing cultures in recently ginned cotton seed in central America. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 1972; 49: 700–701.
Schroeder HW, Boller RA. Aflatoxin production of species and strains of the Aspergillus flavus group isolated from field crops. Appl Microbiol 1973; 25: 885–889.
Scott PM. Mycotoxin in stored grains, feeds and other cereal products. In Sinha RN & Muir WE (Editors). Grain Storage. AVI Publishing Co., Westport, Connecticut, 1973.
Scott PM, Lawrence JW, Van Walbeak W. Detection of mycotoxins by thin-layer chromatography: Application to screening of fungal extracts. Appl Microbiol 1970; 20: 839–842.
Smith NR, Dawson VT. The bacteriostatic action of rosebengal in media used for the plate count of soil fungi. Soil Sci 1944; 58: 467–471.
Suzanger M, Emmami A, Barnett R. Aflatoxin contamination of village milk in Isfahan, Iran. Trop Sci 1976; 18: 155–160.
Vendanayagam HS, Indulkar AS, Rao SR. Aflatoxins and Aspergillus flavus Link in Indian cotton seed. Indian J exp Biol 1971; 9: 410–411.
Weber C, Price RL, Weber CW. CRIS Report, Dec. 14 Cited in Edds, GT (1979): Aflatoxins. In Conference on Mycotoxins in Animal Feed and Grains Related to Animal Health. Shimod W, (Editor), Food and Drug Administration Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A., 1977.
Wheeler B. An examination of cereals and feeds for aflatoxins. Irish J Agric Res 1969; 8: 172–179.
Whiteen MA. Screening cotton seed for aflatoxins. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1969; 46: 39–40.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mazen, M.B., El-Kady, I.A. & Saber, S.M. Survey of the mycoflora and mycotoxins of cotton seeds and cotton seed products in Egypt. Mycopathologia 110, 133–138 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437536
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437536