Abstract
Using four different assay procedures we found a 50 to 86% decrease in viability of Cryptococcus neoformans over a one year period after two towers in the Oklahoma City area were modified to exclude pigeons and weather elements, especially rain. In homogeneous pigeon dropping samples a sharp decrease in viability occurred after 7 to 9 months of storage. The decrease occurred in pigeon dropping samples maintained at the natural sites and at ambient temperature in the laboratory but not in droppings stored at −4 °C. Air sampling studies done at the natural sites before and after tower modifications also showed a decrease in C. neoformans viability. The decrease in viability cannot be explained by seasonal temperature variations that occurred at the natural sites. Our findings suggest that death of C. neoformans occurred because of lack of available intracellular water exacerbated by low humidity, exclusion of precipitation and moisture from fresh pigeon droppings.
In light of our experiences, at one site in south central United States, the feasibility of controlling C. neoformans at heavily contaminated sites, other than by the use of noxious or potentially dangerous chemicals, is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajello, J., 1958. Occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in soils. Am. J. Hyg. 67: 72–77.
Brown, J. H., Cook, K. M., Ney, F. G. & Hatch, T., 1950. Influence of particle size upon the retention of particulate matter in the human lung. Am. J. Public Health 40:450–480.
Bureau of National Affairs. Occupational Safety and Health Reporter, October 18, 1979. 471.
Dean, A. G., Bates, J. H., Sorrels, C., Sorrels, T., Germany, W., Ajello, L., Kaufman, L. McGrew, C. & Fitts, A., 1978. An outbreak of histoplasmosis at an Arkansas courthouse, with five cases of probable reinfection. Am. J. Epidemiol. 108: 36–46.
Emmons, C. W., 1951. Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from soil. J. Bacteriol. 62: 685–690.
Emmons, C. W., 1955. Saprophytic sources of Cryptococcus neoformans associated with the pigeon (Columba livia). Am. J. Hyg. 62: 227–232.
Felton, F. G., Muchmore, H. G. & McCarty, M. A., 1974. Epidemiology of cryptococcosis: I. Environmental distribution of cryptococci in Oklahoma. Health Lab. Sci. 11: 201–204.
Felton, F. G., Muchmore, H. G., McCarty, M. A., Monroe, P. W. & Rhoades, E., 1974. Epidemiology of cryptococcosis: II. Evaluation of patients' environment. Health Lab. Sci. 11: 205–209.
Hatch, T. F., 1961. Distribution and deposition of inhaled particles in the respiratory tract. Bact. Review 25: 237–240.
Hubalek, Z., 1975. Distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in a pigeon habitat. Z. Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 22: 73–79.
Kao, C. J. & Schwarz, J., 1957. The isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon nests. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 27: 652–663.
Larrabee, W. F., Ajello, L. & Kaufman, L., 1978. An epidemic of histoplasmosis on the isthmus of Panama. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27: 281–285.
Littman, M. L. & Schneierson, S., 1959. Cryptococcus neoformans in pigeon excreta in New York City. Am. J. Hyg. 69: 49–59.
Loomis, T. A., 1979. Formaldehyde toxicity. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 103: 321–324.
Neilson, J. B., Fromtling, R. A. & Bulmer, G. S., 1977. Cryptococcus neoformans: size range of infectious particles from aerosolized soil. Infect. Immun. 17: 634–638.
Ruiz, A. & Bulmer, G. S., 1981. Particle size of airborne Cryptococcus neoformans in a tower. Applied and Environmental Microbiol. 41: 1225–1229.
Ruiz, A., Fromtling, R. A. & Bulmer, G. S., 1981. Distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in a natural site. Infect. Immun. 31: 560–563.
Staib, F., 1962b. VogelK ot, ein Nahrsubstrat fue die Gattung Cryptococcus. Zen. Bakt. Parasit. Infect. Krankheiten Hyg. 186: 233–247.
Staib, F., 1963. New concepts in the occurrence and identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 19: 143–145.
Walter, J. E. & Coffee, E. G., 1968. Control of Cryptococcus neoformans in pigeon coops by alkalinization. Am. J. Epidemiol. 87: 173–178.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ruiz, A., Neilson, J.B. & Bulmer, G.S. A one year study on the viability of Cryptococcus neoformans in nature. Mycopathologia 77, 117–122 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437394
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437394