Summary
For 182 knee joints with ligamentous injuries confirmed at surgery the records contained a complete and documented stability examination. In anterior cruciate ligament injuries the Lachman test and the anterior drawer sign were of similar value with regard to the frequency of false negatives — they missed half of the injuries — but their accuracy improved when they were repeated under anesthesia. The pivot shift was useful only under anesthesia. The medial collateral ligament injuries were usually detected because of valgus instability, also without anesthesia. The stability tests done with the patient under anesthesia are sufficiently reliable for making decisions about knee ligament surgery.
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Sandberg, R., Balkfors, B., Henricson, A. et al. Stability tests in knee ligament injuries. Arch. Orth. Traum. Surg. 106, 5–7 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00435642
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00435642