Summary
A Latin Square design has been used to test the responses of 24 relatively fit young women to 200 minute bouts of exercise performed over 5 day trials under each of three different ambient conditions: (i) 15‡ C (warm-warm; (WW)); (ii) −20‡ C while inhaling, from a facemask, air heated to 18‡ C (cold-warm; (CW)); and (iii) −20‡ C (cold-cold; (CC)). In both of the cold environments, special clothing and boots were provided (insulation 0.47‡ C · watt−1 · m−2 and 0.62‡ C · watt−1 · m−2; (4 and 3 CLO units)). All three trials led to a small (0.6–0.7‡ C) rise of rectal temperature, but in the two cold environments mean body temperatures fell by over 1.0‡ C. A large increase of serum ketones occurred under all conditions, and the exercise respiratory quotient suggested some increase of fat utilization, WW (0.85) through CW (0.84) to CC (0.83). A fat loss of about 0.5 kg over the five days was confirmed by hydrostatic weighing and measurement of skinfold thicknesses. This was much less than the change previously observed in men, and moreover, it seemed to be independent of ambient conditions. Possible reasons why cold did not increase fat loss in these women include: (i) a lower relative intensity of exercise; (ii) a greater stability of fat stores in women; (iii) avoidance of caffeine; (iv) a possible translocation of subcutaneous fat to deep fat depots; and (v) a greater desire to “lose weight” irrespective of environmental conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bonen A, Haynes FJ, Watson-Wright W, Sopper MM, Pierce CN, Low MP, Graham TE (1983) Effects of menstrual cycle on metabolic responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol 55:1506–1513
Brozek J, Grande F, Anderson JT, Keys A (1963) Densiometric analysis of body composition; revision of some quantitative assumptions. Ann NY Acad Sci (USA) 110:113–140
Burton AC (1935) The Average Temperature of the Tissues of the Body. J Nutr 9:261
Contaldo F, Presta E, diBiase G, Scalfi L, Mancini GM, Maddalena G, de Divitiis O, Rocco R (1981) In L. A. Cioffi, WPT James, and TB Van Itallie (Eds) The body weight regulatory system: normal & disturbed mechanisms. Raven Press, New York
Department of National Health and Welfare (1981) Nutrient Values of Some Common Foods. Ottawa, Canada
Desprès JP, Bouchard C, Savard R, Tremblay A, Marcotte M, Thériault G (1984) The effects of a 20-week endurance training program on adipose-tissue morphology and lipolysis in men and women. Metabolism 33:235–238
Durnin JVA, Womersley J (1974) Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 32:77–97
Einot I, Gabriel KR (1975) A study of the powers of several methods of multiple comparisons. J Am Statistical Assoc 70:p351
Fitness and Amateur Sport (1983) Fitness and lifestyle in Canada. Fitness Survey, Ottawa
Foster DO, Frydman ML (1979) Tissue distribution of cold-induced thermogenesis in conscious warm- or cold-acclimated rats re-evaluated from changes in tissue blood flow: The dominant role of brown adipose tissue in the replacement of shivering by non-shivering thermogenesis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 57:257–270
Guernsey DL, Stevens ED (1977) The cell membrane sodium pump as a mechanism for increasing thermogenesis during cold acclimation in rats. Science 196:908–910
Heaton J (1972) The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human. J Anat 112:35–39
Himms-Hagen J (1984) Nonshivering thermogenesis. Brain Res Bull 12:151–160
Huttunen P, Hirvonen J, Kinnula V (1981) The occurrence of brown adipose tissue in outdoor workers. Eur J Appl Physiol 46:339–345
Hervey E, Hervey GR (1981) In: Cioffi LA, James WPT, Van Itallie TB (eds) The body weight regulatory system: normal & disturbed mechanisms. Raven Press, New York
Hody GL (1973) The field measurement of cold stress in the marine environment. In: Consultant's report to the Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine
James WPT, Trayhurn P, Davies H, Crisp T, Ravenscroft C (1981) Interaction of food intake and energy expenditure: An overview. In: Cioffi LA, James WPT, Van Itallie TB (eds) The body weight regulatory system: normal & disturbed mechanisms. Raven Press, New York
Jones BH, Toner MM, Daniels WL, Knapik J (1984) The energy cost and heart rate response of trained and untrained subjects walking and running in shoes and boots. Ergonomics 27:895–902
Kerslake D McK (1972) The stress of hot environments. Cambridge University Press, London, pp 1–316
Koeslag JH (1982) Post-exercise ketosis and the hormone response to exercise: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14:327–334
Murray SJ, Shephard RJ, Radomski M (1984) Physiological changes in women during exercise in cold environments. Olympic Scientific Congress, Scientific Program (Environmental Factors) Abstracts
LeBlanc J, Diamond PCTJ, Labrie A (1984) Hormonal factors in reduced postprandial heat production of exercise-trained subjects. J Appl Physiol 56:772–776
Newsholme EA, Crabtree B (1976) Substrate cycles in metabolic regulation and in heat generation. Biochem Soc Symp 41:61–109
O'Hara WJ, Allen C, Shephard RJ (1977a) Loss of body fat during an arctic winter expedition. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 55:1235–1241
O'Hara WJ, Allen C, Shephard RJ (1977b) Loss of body weight and fat during exercise in a cold chamber. Eur J Appl Physiol 37:205–218
O'Hara WJ, Allen C, Shephard RJ (1977c) Treatment of obesity by exercise in the cold. Can Med Assoc J 117:773–778, 786
O'Hara WJ, Allen C, Shephard RJ, Allen G (1979) Fat loss in the cold — a controlled study. J Appl Physiol 46:872–877
Perkins MN, Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ, Stone TW (1981) Activation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus. J Physiol 310:32–33 (Abstr)
Pollit E, Amante P (1984) Energy intake and activity. A. R. Liss, New York, pp 1–418
Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ (1983) Luxuskonsumption, diet-induced thermogenesis and brown fat: the case in favour. Clin Sci 64:19–23
Shephard RJ (1982) Physiology and biochemistry of exercise. Praeger, New York
Shimazu T, Takahashi A (1980) Stimulation of hypothalamic nuclei has differential effects on lipid synthesis in brown & white adipose tissue. Nature (Lond) 284:62–63
Solomon SJ, Kurzer MS, Calloway DH (1982) Menstrual cycle and basal metabolic rate in women. Am J Clin Nutr 611–616
Tanaka M (1983) Thermal reaction and manual performance during cold exposure while wearing cold-protected clothing. Ergonomics 26:141–9
Tappan DV, Jacey MJ, Heyder E, Gray PH (1986) Dehydration as a potential controlling factor of fat loss during cold exposure (in press)
Trayhurn P, James WPT (1981) Thermogenesis: dietary and non-shivering aspects. In: Cioffi LA, James WPT, Van Itallie TB (eds) The body weight regulatory system: normal & disturbed mechanisms. Raven Press, New York
Weiner JS, Lourie JS (1969) Human biology: a guide to field methods. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford
Wilcox AR (1982) The effects of caffeine and exercise on body weight, fat-pad weight and fat cell size. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14:317–322
Yousef MK, Chaffee RRJ (1970) Studies on protein-turnover rates in cold-acclimated rats. Proc Soc Exp Med 133:801–804
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Murray, S.J., Shephard, R.J., Greaves, S. et al. Effects of cold stress and exercise on fat loss in females. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. 55, 610–618 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00423205
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00423205