Skip to main content
Log in

The haematological consequences of immune-mediated anaemia in the dog

  • Original Articles
  • Published:
Comparative Haematology International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Haematological findings, at presentation, in 35 cases of canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AHA) were documented. A regenerative anaemia was not found in all cases of AHA. The range of haematological findings spanned a spectrum from aplasia, through normocytic/normochromic red cell morphology, to marked regeneration. Primary AHA was compared to secondary AHA with respect to haematological parameters and some differences were recorded: the degree of anaemia being significantly more marked in the primary cases. In some cases, red cell parameters were not considered reliable due to spurious red cell indices being obtained. The haemoglobin value and reticulocyte count in absolute numbers provided accurate data characterising the type of anaemia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abkowitz JL, Kadin ME, Powell JS, Adamson JW (1986) Pure red cell aplasia: lymphocyte inhibition of erythropoiesis. Br J Haematol 63:59–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammus SS, Yunis AA (1987) Acquired pure red cell aplasia. Am J Hematol 24:311–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MN, Mouritzen CV, Gabrielli ER (1966) Mechanisms of plasma hemoglobin clearance after acute hemolysis in dogs: serum haptoglobin levels and selective deposition in liver and kidney. Ann Surg 164:905–912

    Google Scholar 

  • Avolt MD, Lund JF, Picket JC (1973) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 162:45–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldini M, Pannacciulli I (1960) The maturation rate of reticulocytes. Blood 15:614–629

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett D (1980) The naturally occurring inflammatory arthropathies of the dog. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow, pp 317–325

  • Bennett D (1984) Autoimmune disease in the dog. In Pract 6:74–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett D, Finnett SL, Nash AS, Kirkham D (1981) Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in the dog. Vet Rec 109:150–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Berendes M (1973) The proportion of reticulocytes in the erythrocytes of the spleen as compared with those of circulating blood, with special reference to hemolytic states. Blood 14:558–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Bundza A, Lumsden JH, McSherry BJ, Valli VEO, Janzen EA (1976) Hemobartonellosis in a dog in association with Coombs' positive anemia. Can Vet J 17:267–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Cline MJ, Berlin NI (1963) The reticulocyte count as an indicator of the rate of erythropoiesis. Am J Clin Pathol 39:121–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Cline MJ, Golde DW (1978) Immune suppression of hematopoiesis. Am J Med 64: 301–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley CL, Lippman SM, Ness PM, Petz LD, Branch DR, Gallagher MT (1982) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with reticulocytopenia and erythroid marrow. N Engl J Med 306: 281–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby WH, Rappaport H (1956) Reticulocytopenia in autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood 11; 929–936

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz WO, Junqueira PC (1952) Resistance of reticulocytes and young erythrocytes to the action of specific hemolytic serum. Blood 7:602–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Dacie JV, Lewis SM (1975) Practical haematology. 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Dear MG (1970) Clinical aspects of autoimmunity in animals. J Small Anim Pract 11:685–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds WJ (1977) Autoimmune hemolytic disease and other causes of immune-mediated anemia: an overview. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:437–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds WJ (1983) Immune-mediated blood diseases in dogs. Mod Vet Pract 64:375–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans RJ, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Jones DRE (1987) Anaemia in dogs. Veterinary annual, 27th edn. Scientechnica, Bristol, pp 243–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehr J, Knob M (1979) Comparison of red cell creatine level and reticulocyte count in appraising the severity of hemolytic processes. Blood 53:966–976

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman BF, Kaneko JJ (1981) The anemia of inflammatory disease in the dog. 1. The nature of the problem. Vet Res Commun 4:237–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford RB (1984) Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Vet Technician 5:398–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell REW (1978) Autoimmune disease in the dog. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 22:221–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey JW (1980) Canine hemolytic anemias. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:970–974

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegde UM, Gordon-Smith EC, Wortledge SM (1977) Reticulocytopenia and ‘absence’ of red cell autoantibodies in immune haemolytic anaemia. Br Med J 2:1444–1447

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillman RS, Finch CA (1969) The misused reticulocyte. Br J Haematol 17:313–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton MH, Jones DRE (1977) Anaemia in the dog: an analysis of laboratory data. J Small Anim Pract 18; 701–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton MH, Jones DRE (1978) The haematological examination of canine blood samples received by post: the influence of delay in examination on red cell parameters. J. Small Anim Pract 18: 95–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman R, Zanjani ED, Lutton JD, Zalusky R, Wasserman LR (1977) Suppression of erythroid colony formation by lymphocytes from patients with aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med 296:10–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Issitt PD (1974) Auto-immune hemolytic anemia. Am J Med Tech 40:479–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby RO, Griesemer RA (1970) Immunologic injury to dogs. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 14:149–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Jandl JH (1966) The pathophysiology of hemolytic anemias. Am J Med 41:657–666

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonas LD, Thrall MA, Weiser MG (1987) Non-regenerative form of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:201–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones DRE (1986) Use of an enzyme indirect antiglobulin test for the diagnosis of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in the dog. Res Vet Sci 41:187–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones DRE, Darke PGG (1975) Use of papain for the detection of incomplete erythrocyte autoantibodies in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 16:273–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones DRE, Hall DE (1991) The assay of canine serum haptoglobin and its diagnostic implications. A comparison of two assay techniques. Comp Haematol Int 1 (in press).

  • Jones DRE, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ (1990) An investigation into factors influencing performance of the canine antiglobulin test. Res Vet Sci 48:53–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones DRE, Stokes CR, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Bourne FJ (1987) An enzyme-linked antiglobulin test for the detection of erythrocytebound antibodies in canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 16:11–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Krantz SB, Kao V (1967) Studies on red cell aplasia I. Demonstration of a plasma-inhibitor of heme synthesis and antibody, to erythroblast nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58:493–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Krantz SB, Kao V (1969) Studies on red cell aplasia II. Report of a second patient with an antibody to erythroblast nuclei and a remission after immunosuppressive therapy. Blood 34:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Laber J, Perman V, Stevens JB (1974) Polychromasia or reticulocytosis — an assessment of the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 10:399–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RM (1974) Spontaneous autoimmune diseases of domestic animals. Int Rev Exp Pathol 13:55–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RM, Schwartz RS, Gilmore CE (1965) Autoimmune diseases in domestic animals. Ann NY Acad Sci 124:178–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RM, Henry WB, Thornton GW, Gilmore CE (1963) A syndrome of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in dogs. Scientific proceedings of the 100th annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New York. pp 140–163

  • Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA (1987) Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases. Blood 69:820–826

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockner D (1974) Quantitation of erythropoiesis by a new method. IV. Studies using 59Fe and DP32P simultaneously in haematological diseases. Scand J Haematol 13:146–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie CP (1969) Idiopathic (acquired) haemolytic anaemia in the dog. Vet Rec 85:356–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmont A, Peschle C, Sanguineti M, Condorelli M (1975) Response of three patients to cyclophosphamide and/or antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and demonstration of two types of serum IgG inhibitors to erythropoiesis. Blood 45:247–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller G, Swisher SN, Young LE (1954) A case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a dog. Clin Res Proc 2:60–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills JN, Day MJ, Shaw SE, Penhale WJ (1985) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in dogs. Aust Vet J 62:121–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris TCM, Vincent PC (1982) Inhibitory cells in aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 50:706–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen JA, Smith R, Padanyi R, Martin J (1964) Serum haptoglobin in disease. Clin Sci 26:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Penny RHC, Carlisle CH, Davidson HA; Gray EM (1970) Some observations on the effect of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) on the packed cell volume of domesticated animals. Br Vet J 126:383–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Perman V, Schall WD (1983) Diseases of the red blood cells. In: Ettinger SJ (ed.) Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, 2nd edn, Vol 2, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Petz LD, Garratty G (1980) Acquired immune hemolytic anemias. Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirofsky B (1976) Clinical aspects of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Semin Hematol 13:251–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice JD, Mathies LA (1960) Comparison of resistance of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes to immune haemolysis. Arch Pathol 70:435–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalm OW (1975) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the dog. Canine Pract 2:34–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalm OW (1980) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In: Manual of feline and canine hematology. Veterinary Practice Publishing Co., Santa Barbara, CA, pp 157–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalm OW, Ling GV (1969) Hematological characteristics of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the dog. Calif Vet 23:19–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz RS, Costea N (1966) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: clinical correlations and biological implications. Semin Hematol 3:2–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears DA (1968) Plasma heme-binding in patients with hemolytic disorders. J Lab Clin Med 71:484–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinton NK, Richardson RW, Williams JDF (1965) Diagnostic value of serum haptoglobin. J Clin Pathol 18:114–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieff C (1983) Pure red cell aplasia. Br J Haematol 54:331–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Slappendel RJ (1978) Hemolytic anemia in the dog. PhD thesis, University of Utrecht.

  • Slappendel RJ (1979) The diagnostic significance of the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in anaemic dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1:49–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokol RJ, Hewitt S, Stamps BK, Hitchen PA (1984) Autoimmune haemolysis in childhood and adolescence. Acta Haematol 72:245–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurling NW (1977) Haematology of the dog. In: Archer RK, Jeffcott LB (eds.) Comparative clinical haematology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p 403

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefanelli M, Barosi G, Cazzola M, Orlandi E (1980) Quantitative assessment of erythropoiesis in haemolytic disease. Br J Haematol 45:297–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockham SL, Ford RB, Weiss DJ (1980) Canine autoimmune hemolytic disease with a delayed erythroid regeneration. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 16:927–931

    Google Scholar 

  • Switzer JW, Jain NC (1981) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am 11:405–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Taniguchi S, Shibuya T, Morioka E, Okamura T, Okamura S, Inaba S, Niho Y (1988) Demonstration of three distinct immunological disorders on erythropoiesis in a patient with pure red cell aplasia and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with thymoma. Br J Haematol 68:473–477

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RB (1977) Disorders of the blood. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Troy GC, Vulgamott JC, Turnwald GH (1980) Canine ehrlichiosis: a retrospective study of 30 naturally-occurring cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 16:181–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss DJ (1986) Antibody-mediated suppression of erythropoiesis in dogs with red blood cell aplasia. Am J Vet Res 47:2646–2648

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss DJ, Miller ML, Crawford MA, Johnson CA (1984) Primary-acquired red cell aplasia in a dog: response to glucocorticoid and cyclophosphamide therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:951–954

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss GB, Bessman JD (1984) Spurious automated red cell values in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Am J Hematol 17:433–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner LL, Bloomberg MS, Calderwood Mays MB, Ackerman N (1985) Progressive polysystemic immune-mediated disease in a dog. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 8:183–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins RJ, Hurvitz AI, Dodds-Laffin WJ (1973) Immunologically mediated thrombocytopenia in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:277–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff A (1979) Autoimmune anemia in a dog presented for foreign body gastritis. Calif Vet 33:17

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida M, Takaku F, Nojiri H, Miura Y, Saito M (1987) Decreased sialic acid content of erythrocytes in patients with aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 65:351–355

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Department of Immunology, University Hospital Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jones, D.R.E., Gruffydd-Jones, T.J. The haematological consequences of immune-mediated anaemia in the dog. Comparative Haematology International 1, 83–90 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422878

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422878

Keywords

Navigation