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Antigenic competition as a therapeutic concept for alopecia areata

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Summary

Alopecia areata can be treated effectively by topical application of potent contact allergens. To explain the response, the following hypothesis is presented. Alopecia areata is considered an autoimmune disease. The characteristic peribulbar round cell infiltrates probably reflect a cell-mediated immune reaction to some hair-associated antigen. With the elicitation of contact allergy, a second antigen is introduced at the same site. The infiltrates of the allergic contact dermatitis contain suppressor T cells and suppressor macrophages which, in terms of local immunoregulation, exert a nonspecific inhibitory effect on the immune response against hair follicles. Regrowth of hair would be due to a change in the local balance between helper and suppressor cells. In conclusion, the phenomenon of antigenic competition is proposed as a therapeutic concept.

Zusammenfassung

Die Alopecia areata läßt sich durch lokales Auftragen von Kontaktallergenen wirksam behandeln. Als Erklärung für diesen Effekt wird die folgende Hypothese aufgestellt: Die Alopecia areata wird als eine Autoimmunkrankheit aufgefaßt. In den charakteristischen peribulbären Rundzellinfiltraten manifestiert sich wahrscheinlich eine zellvermittelte Immunreaktion gegenüber einem in den Haarwurzeln lokalisierten Antigen. Mit der Erzeugung einer Kontaktallergie gelangt ein zeites Antigen an denselben Ort. Die Infiltrate des allergischen Kontaktekzems enthalten Suppressor-T-Zellen und Suppressor-Makrophagen, die im Sinne einer lokalen Immunregulation eine unspezifische Hemmwirkung auf die Autoimmunreaktion gegenüber den Haarwurzeln ausüben. Das Wiederwachen der Haare wäre die Folge eines geänderten lokalen Gleichgewichtes zwischen helfer- und Suppressorzellen. Mit anderen Worten, aus dem Phänomen der Antigenkonkurrenz wird ein therapeutisches Prinzip abgeleitet.

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Happle, R. Antigenic competition as a therapeutic concept for alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol Res 267, 109–114 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00416931

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