Skip to main content
Log in

Interactions between cyanobacterium and fungus during 15N2-incorporation and metabolism in the lichen Peltigera canina

  • Original Papers
  • Published:
Archives of Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

On following N2-incorporation and subsequent metabolism in the lichen Peltigera canina using 15N as tracer, it was found, over a 30 min period, that greatest initial labelling was into NH +4 followed by glutamate and the amide-N of glutamine. Labelling of the amino-N of glutamine, aspartate and alanine increased slowly. Pulse-chase experiments using 15N confirmed this pattern. On inhibiting the GS-GOGAT pathway using l-methionine-dl-sulphoximine and azaserine, 15N enrichment of glutamate, alanine and aspartate continued although labelling of glutamine was undetectable. From this and enzymic data, NH +4 assimilation in the P. canina thallus appears to proceed via GS-GOGAT in the cyanobacterium and via GDH in the fungus; aminotransferases were present in both partners. The cyanobacterium assimilated 44% of the 15N2 fixed; the remainder was liberated almost exclusively as NH +4 and then assimilated by fungal GDH.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ADH:

alanine dehydrogenase

APT:

aspartate-pyruvate aminotransferase

AOA:

aminooxyacetate

GDH:

glutamate dehydrogenase

GOT:

glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase

GOGAT:

glutamate synthase

GPT:

glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase

GS:

glutamine synthetase

HEPES:

4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulphonic acid

MSX:

l-methionine-dl-sulphoximine

References

  • Benson JV, Gordon MJ, Patterson JA (1967) Accelerated chromatographic analysis of amino acids in physiological fluids containing glutamine and asparagine. Anal Biochem 18:228–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard T, Goas G (1979) Glutamate deshydrogenases du lichen Lobaria laetevirens (Lightf.) Zahlbr. caracteristiques de l'enzyme du Champignon. Physiol Veg 17:535–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Bothe H, Neuer G, Kalbe I, Eisbrenner G (1980) Electron donors and hydrogenase in nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. In: Stewart WDP, Gallon JR (eds) Nitrogen fixation. Academic Press, London New York, pp 83–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremner JM (1965a) Total nitrogen. In: Black CA (ed) Methods of soil analysis, pt. 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 1149–1178

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremner JM (1965b) Isotope ratio analysis of nitrogen in investigations. In: Black CA (ed) Methods of soil analysis, pt. 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 1256–1286

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers S, Morris M, Smith DC (1976) Lichen physiology. XV. The effect of digitonin and other treatments on biotrophic transport of glucose from alga to fungus in Peltigera polydactyla. New Phytol 76:485–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogg GE, Stewart WDP, Fay P, Walsby AE (1973) The blue-green algae. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert RA, Siefert E, Pfennig N (1978) Nitrogen assimilation in Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. Arch Microbiol 119:1–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jäger HJ, Weigel HJ (1978) Amino acid metabolism in lichens. Bryologist 81:107–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowry DH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr A, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with Folin-phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marzluf GA (1981) Regulation of nitrogen metabolism and gene expression in fungi. Microbiol Rev 45:437–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millbank JW (1974a) Associations with blue-green algae. In: Quispel A (ed) The biology of nitrogen-fixation. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 238–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Millbank JW (1974b) Nitrogen metabolism in lichens. V. The forms of nitrogen released by the blue-green phycobiont in Peltigera spp. New Phytol 73:1171–1181

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters GA, Mayne BC, Ray TB, Toia RE, Jr (1979) Physiology and biochemistry of the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. In: Nitrogen and rice. International Rice Research Institute. Los Banos, Philippines, pp 325–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai AN, Rowell P, Stewart WDP (1980) NH +4 assimilation and nitrogenase regulation in the lichen Peltigera aphthosa Willd. New Phytol 85:545–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai AN, Rowell P, Stewart WDP (1981a) Glutamate synthase activity in symbiotic cyanobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 126:515–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai AN, Rowell P, Stewart WDP (1981b) 15N2 incorporation and nitrogen metabolism in the lichen Peltigera aphthosa Willd. Planta 152:544–552

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes D, Sims AP, Folkes BF (1980) Pathways of ammonia assimilation in illuminated Lemna minor. Phytochemistry 19:357–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Rippka R, Deruelles J, Waterbury JB, Herdman M, Stanier RY (1979) Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 111:1–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowell P, Stewart WDP (1976) Alanine dehydrogenase of the N2-fixing blue-green alga, Anabaena cylindrica. Arch Microbiol 107:115–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampaio MJAM, Rowell P, Stewart WDP (1979) Purification and some properties of glutamine synthetase from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena cylindrica and Nostoc sp. J Gen Microbiol 111:181–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith DC, Muscatine L, Lewis DH (1969) Carbohydrate movement from autotrophs to heterotrophs in parasitic and mutualistic symbiosis. Biol Rev 44:17–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solorzano L (1969) Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite method. Limnol Oceanogr 14:799–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GR, Larher F (1980) Enzymes of glutamate formation: glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. In: Miflin BJ (ed) The biochemistry of plants, vol 5. Academic Press, New York London, pp 609–635

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart WDP, Rodgers GA (1977) The cyanophyte-hepatic symbiosis. II. Nitrogen fixation and interchange of nitrogen and carbon. New Phytol 78:459–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart WDP, Rowell P (1977) Modification of nitrogen fixing algae in lichen symbioses. Nature (Lond) 265:371–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart WDP, Fitzgerald GP, Burris RH (1967) In situ studies on N2 fixation using the acetylene reduction technique. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58:2071–2078

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart WDP, Rowell P, Rai AN (1980) Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. In: Stewart WDP, Gallon JR (eds) Nitrogen fixation. Academic Press, London New York, pp 239–277

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rai, A.N., Rowell, P. & Stewart, W.D.P. Interactions between cyanobacterium and fungus during 15N2-incorporation and metabolism in the lichen Peltigera canina . Arch. Microbiol. 134, 136–142 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00407946

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00407946

Key words

Navigation