Summary
The effect of acute hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose <2.2mmol/l) on retinal venous blood flow in the minipig has been determined using bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry and red free retinal photography. In six pigs the mean flow in a retinal vein increased from 19.3 (±2.8 SEM) μl/min to 29.7 (±7.5) μl/min during hypoglycaemia (p<0.05) with a return to 18.6 (±3.6) μl/min when euglycaemia was restored. Retinal blood flow is affected by hypoglycaemia or its haemodynamic consequences.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Kohner EM, Hamilton AM, Saunders SJ, Sutcliffe BA, Bulpitt CJ (1975) The retinal blood flow in diabetes. Diabetologia 11: 27–33
Blair NP, Feke GT, Morales-Stoppello J, Riva CE, Goger DG, Collas GD, McMeel JW (1982) Prolongation of the retinal mean circulation time in diabetes. Arch Ophthalmol 100: 764–768
Yoshida A, Feke GT, Morales-Stoppello J, Collas GD, Goger DG, McMeel JW (1983) Retinal blood flow alterations during progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 101: 225–227
Fallon TJ, Chowiencyzk P, Kohner EM (1986) Measurement of retinal blood flow in diabetes by the blue light entoptic phenomenon. Br J Ophthalmol 70: 43–46
Grunwald JE, Riva CE, Sinclair SH, Brucker AJ, Petrig BL (1986) Laser Doppler velocimetry study of retinal circulation in diabetes mellitus. Arch Ophthalmol 104: 991–996
Grunwald JE, Riva CE, Brucker AJ, Sinclair SH, Petrig BL (1984) Altered retinal vascular response to 100% oxygen breathing in diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 91: 1447–1452
Grunwald JE, Riva CE, Martin DB, Quint AR, Epstein PA (1987) Effect of an insulin-induced decrease in blood glucose on the human diabetic retinal circulation. Ophthalmology 94: 1614–1620
Ernest JT, Goldstick TK, Engerman RL (1983) Hyperglycaemia impairs retinal oxygen autoregulation in normal and diabetic dogs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24: 985–989
Read JS, Ernest JT, Goldstick TK, Raichman M, Petersen AC (1980) Hyperglycaemia and the retinal microcirculation in man. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19 [Suppl]: 168
Atherton A, Hill DW, Keen H, Young S, Edwards EJ (1980) The effect of acute hyperglycaemia on the retinal circulation of the normal cat. Diabetologia 18: 233–237
Riva CE, Grunwald JE, Sinclair SH, O'Keefe K (1981) Fundus camera based retinal laser Doppler velocimetry. Appl Optics 20: 117–120
Riva CE, Grunwald JE, Sinclair SH, Petrig BL (1985) Blood velocity and volumetric flow rate in human retinal vessels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26: 1124–1132
Sleightholm MA, Arnold JV, Aldington SJ, Kohner EM (1984) Computerised digitisation of fundus photographs. Clin Physiol Meas 5: 295–301
Feke GT, Tagawa H, Deupree DM, Goger DG, Sebag J, Weiter JJ (1989) Blood flow in the normal human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30: 58–65
Robinson F, Riva CE, Grunwald JE, Petrig BL, Sinclair SH (1986) Retinal blood flow autoregulation in response to an acute increase in blood pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27: 722–726
Neumann R, Worek F, Gutsch W, Pham L, Blumel G, Zimmermann G (1986) Reconstitution of cortisol prevents circulatory failure in septic pigs anaesthetised with metomidate. Abstracts of the International Symposium of Anaesthesia for Cardiac Patients, Society for Cardiovascular Anaesthetists. Munich, Germany, p 230
Ffytche TJ, Bulpitt CJ, Kohner EM, Archer D, Dollery CT (1974) Effect of changes in intra-ocular pressure on the retinal microcirculation. Br J Ophthalmol 58: 514–522
Riva CE, Sinclair SH, Grunwald JE (1981) Autoregulation of retinal circulation in response to decrease of perfusion pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 21: 34–38
Grunwald JE, Riva CE, Kozart DM (1988) Retinal circulation during a spontaneous rise of intraocular pressure. Br J Ophthalmol 72: 754–758
Grunwald JE, Sinclair SH, Riva CE (1982) Autoregulation of retinal circulation in response to decrease of intraocular pressure below normal. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23: 124–126
Porta PD, Maiolo AT, Negri VU, Rossella E (1964) Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in therapeutic insulin coma. Metabolism 13: 131–140
Neil HAW, Gale EAM, Hamilton SJC, Lopez-Espinoza I, Kaura R, McCarthy ST (1987) Cerebral blood flow in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and control subjects. Diabetologia 30: 305–309
Hilsted J, Bonde-Peterson F, Norgaard M-B, Greniman M, Christensen NJ, Parring H-H, Suzuki M (1984) Haemodynamic changes in insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in normal man. Diabetologia 26: 328–332
Fisher BM, Gillen G, Dargie HJ, Inglis G, Frier BM (1987) The effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on cardiovascular function in normal man: studies using radionuclide ventriculography. Diabetologia 30: 841–845
Frier BM, Hepburn DA, Fisher BM, Barrie T (1987) Fall in intraocular pressure during acute hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin dependent diabetes. Br Med J 295: 610–611
Laties AM (1967) Central retinal artery innervation. Absence of adrenergic innervation to the intraocular branches. Arch Ophthalmol 77: 405–409
Dollery CT, Hill DW, Hodge JV (1963) The response of normal retinal blood vessels to angiotensin and noradrenaline. J Physiol 165: 500–507
Grunwald JE (1986) Effect of topical timolol on the human retinal circulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27: 1713–1719
Hoste AM, Boels PJ, Brutaert DL, De Laey JJ (1989) Effect of alpha-1 and beta agonists on contraction of bovine retinal resistance arteries in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30: 44–50
Lauritzen T, Frost-Larsen K, Deckert T (1983) The Steno Study Group. Effect of one year of near-normal blood glucose levels on retinopathy in insulin dependent diabetes. Lancet I: 200–204
The Kroc Collaborative Study Group (1984) Blood glucose control and the evolution of diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria. N Engl J Med 311: 365–372
Dahl-Jorgensen K, Brinchmann-Hansen O, Hanssen KF, Sandvik L, Aagenaes O (1985) Rapid tightening of blood glucose control leads to transient deterioration of retinopathy in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; the Oslo Study. Br Med J 290: 811–815
Brinchmann-Hansen O, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Hanssen KF, Sandvik L (1985) The Oslo Study. Effects of intensified insulin treatment on various lesions of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 100: 644–653
Grunwald JE, Brucker AJ, Braunstein SN, Schwartz L, Petrig BL, Riva CE (1989) Effect of improvement in diabetic control on retinal blood flow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30 [Suppl]: 434
Kastrup J, Rorsgaard S, Parving HH, Lassen VA (1986) Impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in long-term type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetic patients with nephropathy and retinopathy. Clin Physiol 6: 549–559
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Caldwell, G., Davies, E.G., Sullivan, P.M. et al. A laser Doppler velocimetry study of the effect of hypoglycaemia on retinal blood flow in the minipig. Diabetologia 33, 262–265 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403318
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403318