Abstract
Using experimental information obtained in earlier studies on cellular buffering and SO2 uptake into leaves (Pfanz and Heber, 1986, Plant Physiol. 81, 597–602; Pfanz et al., 1987 a, b, Plant Physiol.), a mathematical model is presented which permits computer analysis of the transport of SO2 from the atmosphere into the mesophyll of leaves and describes the intracellular distribution of hydration products of SO2. Oxidation of sulfite and metabolization of sulfate can also be included. Although the model does not attempt to incorporate all available information on the intracellular transport of sulfur species, it permits general conclusions in regard to cellular responses to SO2. The model can be extended and modified for gases other than SO2. Examples are presented to illustrate the information the model is able to give. Times required for SO2 equilibration are long. Equilibrium relationships between SO2 in the atmosphere and cellular SO2 show that in order to survive in even slightly contaminated air, leaves must prevent equilibration between external and internal SO2.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asada, K., Kiso, K. (1973) Initiation of aerobic oxidation of sulfite by illuminated spinach chloroplasts. Eur. J. Biochem. 33, 253–257
Bennett, J.H., Hill, A.C. (1975) Interaction of air pollutants with canopies of vegetation. In: Responses of plants to air pollution, pp. 273–306, Mudd, J.B., Kozlowski, T.T., eds. Academic Press, New York
Bennett, J.H., Hill, A.C. (1973) Absorption of gaseous air pollutants by a standardized plant canopy. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 23, 203–206
Bennett, J.H., Hill, A.C., Gates, D.M. (1973) A model for gaseous pollutant sorption by leaves. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 23, 957–306
Carmichael, G.R., Peters, L.K. (1979) Some aspects of SO2 absorption by water-generalized treatment. Atmosph. Environ. 13, 1505–1513
Garsed, S.G., Read, D.J. (1977) Sulphur dioxide metabolism in soy-bean, Glycine max var. biloxi. II. Biochemical distribution of 35SO2 products. New Phytol. 99, 583–592
Garsed, S.G. (1985) SO2-uptake and transport. In: Sulfur dioxide and vegetation. Physiology, ecology and policy issues, pp. 75–95, Winner, W.E., Mooney, H.A., Goldstein, R.A., eds. Stanford University Press, California
Giovanelli, J., Mudd, S.H., Datko, A.H. (1980) Sulfur amino acids in plants. In: The biochemistry of plants, vol. 5: Amino acids and derivatives, pp. 453–505, Miflin, B.J., ed., Academic Press, New York London
Hällgren, J.-E. (1978) Physiological and biochemical effects of sulfur dioxide on plants. In: Sulfur in the environment, part II. Ecological impacts, pp. 163–209, Nriagu, J.O., ed. Wiley, New York
Hällgren, J.-E., Fredriksson, S.-A., (1982) Emission of sulfide from sulfur dioxide-fumigated pine trees. Plant Physiol. 70, 456–459
Hampp, R., Ziegler, I. (1977) Sulfate and sulfite translocation via the phosphate translocator of the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts. Planta 137, 309–312
Heldt, H.W., Sauer, F. (1971) the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope as the site of specific metabolite transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 234, 83–91
Hocking, D., Hocking, M.B. (1977) Equilibrium solubility of trace atmospheric sulphur dioxide in water and its bearing on air pollution injury to plants. Environ. Pollut. 13, 57–64
Kondo, N., Akiyama, Y., Fujiwara, M., Sugahara, K. (1980) Sulfite oxidizing activities in plants. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. 11, 137–150
Leuning, R. (1983) Transport of gases into leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 6, 181–194
Lufthygienische Monatsberichte (1985/86) Bayerisches Landesamt für Umweltschutz, München, FRG
Mourioux, G., Douce, R. (1979) Transport du sulfate à travers la double membrane limitante ou l'envelope des chloroplastes d'epinard. Biochimie 61, 1283–1292
Pfanz, H., Heber, U. (1985) Protonenflüsse und zelluläre Pufferkapazitäten in Blättern bei SO2-Belastung. In PBWU ed. Proc. of the International Workshop on Physiology and Biochemistry of Stressed Plants. GSF-Bericht 44/85, Neuherberg, pp. 103–113.
Pfanz, H., Heber, U. (1986) Buffer capacities of leaves, leaf cells, and leaf cell organelles in relation to fluxes of potentially acidic gases. Plant Physiol. 81, 597–602
Pfanz, H., Martinoia, E., Lange, O.L., Heber, U. (1987a) Mesophyll resistances to SO2 fluxes into leaves. Plant Physiol., in press
Pfanz, H., Martinoia, E., Lange, O.L. Heber, U. (1987b) Flux of SO2 into leaves and cellular acidification by SO2. Plant Physiol., in press
Rand, R.H. (1978) A theoretical analysis of CO2 absorption in sun versus shade leaves. J. Biochem. Eng. 100, 20–24
Rand, R.H. (1977) Gaseous diffusion in the leaf interior. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 20, 701–704
Rennenberg, H. (1983) Cysteine desulfhydrase activity in cucurbit plants: Stimulation by preincubation with L-or D-cysteine. Phytochemistry 22, 1557–1560
Rennenberg, H. (1984) The fate of excess sulfur in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35, 121–153
Rennenberg, H., Filner, P. (1982) Stimulation of H2S-emission from pumpkin leaves by inhibition of glutathione synthesis. Plant Physiol. 69, 766–770
Sakaki, T., Kondo, N. (1985) Inhibition of photosynthesis by sulfite in mesophyll protoplasts isolated from Vicia faba L. in relation to intracellular sulfite accumulation. Plant Cell Physiol. 26, 1045–1055
Schmidt, A. (1979) Photosynthetic assimilation of sulfur compounds. In: Encyclopedia of plant physiology, N.S., vol. 6: Photosynthesis II: Carbon metabolism and related processes, pp. 481–496, Gibbs, M., Latzko, E., eds. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Schwenn, J.D., Trebst, A. (1976) Photosynthetic sulphate reduction by chloroplasts. In: The intact chloroplast, pp. 315–334, Barber, J., ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Taylor, G.E. Jr., Tingey, D.T. (1983) Sulfur dioxide flux into leaves of Geranium carolinianum L. Plant Physiol. 72, 237–244
Thomas, M.D., Hendricks, R.H., Hill, G.R. (1950) Sulfur metabolism in plants. Effects of sulfur dioxide on vegetation. Ind. Eng. Chem. 42, 2231–2235
Tingey, D.T., Olszyk, D.M. (1985) Intraspecies variability in metabolic responses to SO2. In: Sulfur dioxide and vegetation. Physiology, ecology and policy issues, pp. 178–205, Winner, W.E., Mooney, H.A., Goldstein, R.A. eds. Stanford University Press, Cal., USA
Trebst, A., Schmidt, A. (1969) Photosynthetic sulfate and sulfite reduction by chloroplasts. Progr. Photosynthesis Res. III, 1510–1516
Unsworth, M.H. (1981) The exchange of air pollutants and carbon dioxide between vegetation and the atmosphere. In: Plants and their atmospheric environment, pp. 111–138, Grace, J., Ford, E.D., Jarvis, P.G., eds. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Unsworth, M.H., Biscoe, P.V., Black, V. (1976) Analysis of gas exchange between plants and polluted atmospheres. In: Effects of air pollutants on plants, pp. 5–16, Mansfield, T.A., ed. Society for Exp. Botany, Seminar Series 1., Cambridge University Press, UK
Wilson, L.G., Bressan, R.A., Filner, P. (1978) Light dependent emission of hydrogen sulfide from plants. Plant Physiol. 61, 184–189
Ziegler, I., Hampp, R. (1977) Control of 35SO 2-4 and 35SO 2-3 incorporation into spinach chloroplasts during photosynthetic CO2 fixation. Planta 137, 303–307
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Laisk, A., Pfanz, H., Schramm, M.J. et al. Sulfur-dioxide fluxes into different cellular compartments of leaves photosynthesizing in a polluted atmosphere. Planta 173, 230–240 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403015
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403015