Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Atmospheric acidification in the Asian region

  • Ecosystems Management
  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Atmospheric acidification in the Asian region is discussed from the perspectives of currently available regional measurements, and the knowledge now available from several decades of acidic deposition research in the northern mid-latitudes. The main conclusions emerge: (1) that there is insufficient information currently available to enable a quantitative assessment of the present state or future potential for atmospheric acidification across the whole region; and (2) that within the limitations imposed by (1) the possibility of future acidification in certain areas cannot be ruled out if economic development and energy use on a per capita basis evolve to the levels of the major industrial countries. These two conclusions point to the need for systematic, multidisciplinary studies covering the whole region. The studies should assess quantitatively the current levels of acidic and alkaline emissions (both natural and anthropogenic) to the atmosphere, identify the relevant chemical transformations and transport/deposition pathways in the regional atmosphere, and assess the susceptibility of regional plants, soils and groundwaters to acidification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AEC: 1989, Acid Rain in Australia: a National Assessment, Australia Environment Council Report No. 25, Aust. Gov. Publishing Service, Canberra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreae, M. O.: 1990, ‘The global biogeochemical sulfur cycle: a review’, in: Trace Gases and the Biosphere, Schimel, D. S. and Moore, B. (Eds.), University of Arizona Press.

  • Atkinson, R.: 1990, ‘Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds: a review’, Atmos. Environ., 24A, 1–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery, R.: 1984, ‘A preliminary study of rainwater acidity around Newcastle, NSW’, Clean Air (Aust.), 18, 94–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P. and Gillett, R. W.: 1985, ‘Some observations on the acidity and composition of rainwater in Sydney, Australia during the summer of 1980–81’, J. Atmos. Chem., 2, 25–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P., Gillett, R. W., and Cernot, U.: 1987, ‘Rainwater acidity in Sydney, an addendum’, Clean Air (Aust.), 21, 68–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P. and Gillet, R. W.: 1988a, ‘Acidification in Australia’, in: Acidification in Tropical Countries, Rodhe, H. and Hererra, R. (Eds.) SCOPE Report 36, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 347–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P. and Gillett, R. W.: 1988b, ‘Isoprene emissions from vegetation and hydrocarbon emissions from bushfires in tropical Australia’, J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 177–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P. and Gillett, R. W., 1988c, ‘First observations of cloudwater acidity in tropical Australia’, Clean Air (Aust.), 22, 53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P. and Ivey, J. P.: 1989, ‘Precipitation composition at Cape Grim, 1977–1985’, Tellus, 40B, 297–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P. and Ramsdale, S. R., 1988, ‘Wet deposition of excess sulfate at Macquarie Island, 50°S’, J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 317–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P. and Ivey, J. P.: 1989, ‘Methanesulfonate in rainwater at Cape Grim, Tasmania’, Tellus B, in press.

  • Ayers, G. P. and Larson, T. V.: 1990, ‘Numerical study of droplet chemistry in oceanic, wintertime stratus cloud at southern mid-latitudes’, J. Atmos. Chem., 11, 143–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovy, M. W. L., Mieras, M., Posma, G. H. M. M. J., Stallen, P. J. M. and Wieringa, K.: 1989, ‘Acid rain policy in The Netherlands—application of mediation techniques’, Ambio, 18, 416–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridgman, H. A., Rothwell, R., Pann Way, C., Peng Hing, T., Carras and Smith, M. Y.: 1988, ‘Rainwater acidity and composition in the Hunter region, New South Wales’, Clean Air (Aust.), 45–52.

  • Bridgman, H. A.: 1988, ‘Acid rain studies in Australia and New Zealand’, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 18, 137–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, J. G. (Ed.): 1984, ‘SO2, NO and NO2 oxidation mechanisms: atmospheric considerations’, Acid Preciptiation Series, Volume 3, Butterworth Publishers, 254 pp.

  • Calvert, J. G. and Stockwell, W. R.: 1984, ‘Mechanism and rates of gas-phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere’, in: SO 2, NO and NO 2 Oxidation Mechanisms: Atmospheric Considerations, Acid Precipitation Series, Volume 3, Calvert J. G. (ed.), Butterworth Publishers, pp. 1–62.

  • Chatfield, R. B. and Crutzen, P. J.: 1984, ‘Sulfur dioxide in remote oceanic air: cloud transport of reactive precursors’, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 7111–7132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowling, E.: 1982, ‘A historical resume of progress in scientific and public understanding of acid precipitation and its consequences’, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 110A-123A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowling, E. B.: 1989, ‘Recent changes in chemical climate and related effects on forests in North America and Europe’, Ambio, 18, 167–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crutzen, P. J.: 1982, ‘The Global distribution of hydroxyl’, in: Atmospheric Chemistry, Goldberg, E. D. (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 313–328.

  • Crutzen, P. J., Delany, A. C., Greenberg, J., Haagenson, P., Heidt, L., Lueb, R., Pollock, W., Seiler, W., Wartburg, A. and Zimmerman, P.: 1985, ‘Tropospheric chemical composition measurements in Brazil during the dry season’, J. Atmos. Chem., 2, 233–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, D. K.: 1988, ‘Chemistry of monsoon rains over Calcutta, Wesr Bengal’, Mausam, 39, 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dignon, J. and Hameed, S.: 1989, ‘Global emissions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides from 1860 to 1980’, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc., 39, 180–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovland, H.: 1987, ‘Monitoring European transboundary pollution’, Atmos Environ., 29, 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engstrom, A.: 1972, The Impact on the Environment of Sulphur in Air and Precipitation, Swedish Royal Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Royal Ministry of Agriculture, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkengren-Grerup, U.: 1989, ‘Soil acidification and its impact on ground vegetation’, Ambio, 18, 179–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galbally, I. E. and Gillett, R. W.: 1988, ‘Processes regulating nitrogen compounds in the tropical atmosphere’, in: Acidification in Tropical Countries, Rodhe, H. and Hererra, R. (Eds.), SCOPE Report 36, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 73–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J. N., Likens, G. E. and Hawley, M. E.: 1984, ‘Acid precipitation: natural versus anthropogenic components’, Science, 226, 829–831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J. N., Zhao, D., Xiong, J. and Likens, G. E.: 1987, ‘Acid Rain: China, United States, and a remote area’, Science, 236, 1559–1562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J. N.: 1988, ‘Effects of acid deposition on tropical aquatic ecosystems’, in: Acidification in Tropical Countries, Rodhe, H. and Hererra, R. (Eds.), SCOPE Report 36, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 141–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J. N.: 1989, ‘Atmospheric acidification: projections for the future’, Ambio, 18, 161–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gidel, L.: 1983, ‘Cumulus transport of transient tracers’, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5897–5906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillett, R. W. and Ayers, G. P.: 1988, ‘Maritime cloudwater acidity near Tasmania’, Clean Air (Aust.), 23, 106–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillett, R. W., Ayers, G. P. and Noller, B. N.: 1990, ‘Rainwater acidity at Jabiru, Australia, in the wet season of 1983/84’, Sci Tot Environ., 92, 129–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E.: 1989, ‘Scientific understanding of ecosystem acidification: a historical review’, Ambio, 18, 150–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gschwandtner, G., Gschwandtner, K. and Eldridge, K.: 1986, ‘Historic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the United States from 1900–1980’, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc., 36, 139–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handa, B. K., Kumar, A., and Goel, D. K.: 1982, ‘Chemical composition of rainwater over Lucknow in 1980, 1982’, Mausam, 33, 485–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, M. J. and Clarkson, T. S.: 1988, ‘The chemical composition of rain at an inland and a coastal New Zealand site’, Clean Air (Aust.), 22, 58–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegg, D. A. and Hobbs, P. V.: 1988, ‘Comparision of sulfate and nitrate production in clouds on the mid-Atlantic and Pacific northwest coasts of the United States’, J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 325–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herlihy, L. J., Galloway, J. N. and Mills, A. L.: 1987, ‘Bacterial utilisation of formic and acetic acid in rainwater’, Atmos. Environ., 21, 2397–2402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, B. B., Wesley, M. M., Coulter, R. L., Hart, R. L. Durham, J. L., Speer, R. and Stedman, D. H.: 1986, ‘An experimental study of sulfur and nox fluxes over grassland’, Bound. Layer Met., 34, 103–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidy, G. M., Hanson, D. A., Henry, R. C., Ganesan, K. and Collins, J.: 1984, ‘Trends in historical acid precursor emissions and their airborne precipitation products’, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc., 31, 333–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. R. and Jacob, D. J.: 1984, in: SO 2, NO and NO 2 Oxidation Mechanisms: Atmospheric Considerations, Acid Precipitation Series, Volume 3, Calvert J. G. (Ed.), Butterworth Publishers, pp. 101–172.

  • Huebert, B. J., Wang, M.-X. and Lu, W.-E.: 1988, ‘Atmospheric nitrate, sulfate, ammonium and calcium concentrations in China’, Tellus 40B, 260–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeng, F.-T. and Tu, Y.-Y.: 1989, ‘Wet acid deposition and metal corrosion study in Taiwan’, in: Proc. 8th World Clean Air Congress, Volume 2, Brasser, L. J. and Mulder, W. C. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, J. B. and Charlson, R. J.: 1984, ‘On the efficiency of nucleation scavenging’, Tellus, 36B, 367–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallend, A. S., Marsh, A. R. W., Pickles, J. H. and Proctor, M. V.: 1983, ‘Acidity of rain in Europe’, Atmos. Environ., 17, 127–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanazawa, T., Saruhashi, K. and Miyake, Y.: 1984, ‘A study on pH of meteoric water’, Papers in Meteorol. and Geophys., 35, 103–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keene, W. C. and Galloway, J. N.: 1988, ‘The biochemical cycling of formic and acetic acids through the troposphere: an overview of current understanding’, Tellus, 40B, 322–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Naik, M. S., Kumar, R. and Murty, B. V. R.: 1985a, ‘Observations of Aitken nuclei and trace gases in different environments in India’, Water, Air, Soil Poll., 24, 131–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Naik, M. S., Rao, P. S. P., Kumar, R. and Murty, B. V. R.: 1985b, ‘Trace elements and sea salt aerosols over the sea areas around the Indian sub-continent’, Atmos. Environ., 19, 227–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Naik, M. S., Rao, P. S. P., Kumar, R. and Murty, B. V. R.: 1985c, ‘Impact of alkaline particulates on pH of rainwater in India’, Water, Air, Soil Poll., 25, 265–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Naik, M. S., Momin, G. A., Kumar, R., Chatterjee, R. N., Singh, G. and Murty, B. V. R.: 1985d, ‘Trace elements in atmospheric aerosols at Delhi, north India’, J. Atmos. Chem. 2, 273–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A. and Naik, M. S.: 1987a, ‘Influence of atmospheric pollutants on cloud microphysics and rainfall’, Bound. Layer Met., 41, 367–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A. and Singh, G.: 1987b, ‘Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India’, Pageoph., 125, 167–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Rao, P. S. P., Safai, P. D. and Prakash, P.: 1987c, ‘Influence of alkaline particulates on the chemistry of fogwater at Delhi, north India’, Water, Air, Soil Poll., 34, 183–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Naik, M. S., Rao, P. S. P., Safai, P. D. and Murty, B. V. R.: 1987d, ‘Influence of alkaline particulates on pH of cloud and rainwater in India’, Atmos. Environ., 21, 1137–1145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Rao, P. S. P., Safai, P. D., Singh, G. and Kapoor, R. K.: 1989a, ‘Spread of acid rain over India’, Atmos. Environ., 23, 757–762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Rao, P. S. P., Safai, P. D., Singh, G., Chatterjee, R. N. and Prakash, P.: 1989b, ‘Long-term effects of pollutants on pH of rainwater in north India’, Atmos. Environ., 23, 753–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koottatep, S., Wirojanagud, W., Limpaseni, W., Ratanachai, C. and Panich, S.: 1988, An Investigation of Acid Rain in Thailand, Report to UNEP.

  • Krishnayya, N. S. R. and Bedi, S. J.: 1989, ‘Differential response of three tropical tree species exposed to sulphur dioxide’, in: Proc. 8th World Clean Air Congress, Volume 2, Brasser, L. J. and Mulder, W. C. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucera, V.: 1988, ‘Effects of acidification on corrosion of structures and cultural property’, in: Acidification in Tropical Countries, Rodhe, H. and Hererra, R. (Eds.) SCOPE Report 36, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 167–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. P., Lim, S. F. and Lim, J. T.: 1988, On Rain Acidity Analysis Based on Data from the National Acid Rain Monitoring Network, Malaysian Meteorological Service Report.

  • Likens, G. E.: 1989, ‘Some aspects of air pollutant effects on terrestrial ecosystems and prospects for the future’, Ambio, 18, 172–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E. and Bormann, F. H.: 1974, ‘Acid rain: a serious reginal environmental problem’, Science, 184, 1176–1179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E., Keene, W. C., Miller, J. M. and Galloway, J. N.: 1987, ‘Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in Australia’, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13299–13314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, J. A.: 1983, ‘Nitrogen oxides in the troposphere: global and regional budgets’, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10785–10807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. R.: 1984, ‘Kinetics of sulfite oxidation in aqueous solution’, in: SO 2, NO and NO 2 Oxidation Mechanisms: Atmospheric Considerations, Acid Precipation Series, Volume 3, Calvert J. G. (Ed.), Butterworth Publishers, pp. 63–100.

  • Maske, S. J. and Nand, K.: 1982, Studies on Chemical Constituents of Precipitation Over India, 33, 241–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, W. H.: 1988, ‘Potential effects of acid deposition on tropical ecosystems’, in: Acidification in Tropical Countries, Rodhe, H. and Hererra, R. (Eds.) SCOPE Report 36, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 117–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moller, D.: 1984, ‘Estimation of the global man-made sulphur emission’, Atmos. Environ., 18, 19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohnen, V. A.: 1988, ‘The challenge of acid rain’, Scientific American, 259, 14–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohnen, V. A.: 1989, ‘Cloud chemistry research at Whiteface Mountain’, Tellus, 41B, 79–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, A. K., Nand, K., Mukhopadhyay, B. and Ghanekar: 1986, ‘Rainater chemistry over Indian seas during monsoon season’, Mausam, 37, 173–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naik, M. S., Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A. and Rao, P. S. P.: 1988, ‘Measurement of pH and chemical analysis of rainwater in rural areas of India’, Acta Met. Sinica, 2, 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nand, K.: 1984, ‘Prospects for acid rain over India’, Mausam, 35, 225–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, K. W.: 1988, ‘The dry deposition of small particles: a review of experimental measurements’, Atmos. Environ., 22, 2653–2666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nihlgard, B.: 1985, ‘The ammonium hypothesis-an additonal explanation to the forest dieback in Europe’, Ambio, 14, 2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noller, B. N., Currey, N. A., Ayers, G. P. and Gillett, R. W.: 1990, ‘Chemical composition and acidity of rainfall in the alligator Rivers region, Northern territory, Australia’, Sci. Tot. Environ., 91, 23–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oden, S.: 1968, ‘The acidification of air and precipitation and its consequences on the natural environment’, Swedish Nat. Sci. Res. Council Ecol. Committee Bull., 1, 1–86 (in Swedish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, S., Okita, T. and Kato, C.: 1981, ‘A numerical model of acidification of cloudwater’, J. Met. Soc. Japan, 59, 892–901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okita, T.: 1968, ‘Concentration of sulfate and other inorganic materials in fog and cloudwater and in aerosol’, J. Met. Soc. Japan, 46, 120–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okita, T. and Ohta, S.: 1979, ‘Measurements of nitrogenous and other compounds in the atmosphere and cloudwater: a study of the mechanisms of formation of acid precipitation’, in: Nitogenous Air Pollutants, Chemical and Biological Implications, Grosjean, D. (Ed.), Ann Arbor Science, pp. 289–305.

  • PCGlobe: 1989, PCGlobe database, PC Globe Inc., Tempe, Arizona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penkett, S. A., Jones, B. M. R., Brice, K. A. and Eggleton, A. E. J.: 1979, ‘The importance of atmospheric ozone and hydrogen peroxide in oxidizing sulfur dioxide in cloud and rainwater’, Atmos. Environ., 13, 123–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: 1978, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodhe, H., Crutzen, P. J. and Vanderpol, A.: 1981, ‘Formation of sulfuric acid and nitric acid during long-range transport’, Tellus, 33, 132–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodhe, H. and Hererra, R., (Eds.): 1988, Acidification in Tropical Countries, SCOPE Report 36, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, C. L.: 1976, ‘Acid precipitation: effects on fish’, Ambio, 5, 228–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. E.: 1989, ‘Acid deposition: unraveling a regional phenomenon’, Science, 243, 753–763.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seinfeld, J. H.: 1986, Atmospheric Chemistry and the Physics of Air Pollution, Wiley Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, E. B., Lee, S. K. and Song, D. W.: 1989, ‘Acidity of rainwater in the Seoul area’, in: Proc. 8th World Clean Air Congress, Volume 2, Brasser, L. J. and Mulder, W. C. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, V. P.: 1982, ‘Management of acid sulfate soils for brackish water fishponds: experiences in the Philippines’, in. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Acid Sulfate Soils, Int. Inst. for Land Reclamation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

  • Slinn, W. G. N.: 1982, ‘Some influences of the atmospheric water cycle on the removal of atmospheric trace constituents’, in Atmospheric Chemistry, Goldberg, E. D. (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 57–90.

  • SMA — Swedish Ministry of Agriculture Monograph: 1982, Acidification Today and Tomorrow, Stockholm.

  • Stelson, A. W. and Seinfeld, J. H.: 1982, ‘Thermodynamic prediction of water activity, NH4NO3 dissociation constant, density and refractive index for the NH4NO3−(NH4)2SO4−H2O system at 25°C’, Atmos. Environ., 16, 2507–2514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stensland, G. J. and Semonin, R. G.: 1982, ‘Another interpretation of the pH trend in the United States’, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 63, 1277–1284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, A. and Seip, H. M.: 1989, ‘Methematical models and their role in understanding water acidification: an evaluation using Birkenes model and an example’, Ambio, 18, 192–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twomey, S. A.: 1977, Atmospheric Aerosols, Elsevier.

  • Unsworth, M. H. and Fowler, D. (Eds.): 1988, Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites, NATO ASI Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Volume 252, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  • Varma, G. S.: 1989a, ‘Background trends of pH of precipitation over India’, Atmos. Environ., 23, 747–751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varma, G. S.: 1989b, ‘Impact of soil-derived aerosols on precipitation acidity, in India’, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2723–2728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whelpdale, D. M., Eliassen, A., Galloway, J. N., Dovland, H. and Miller, J. M.: 1988, ‘The trans-Atlantic transport of sulfur’, Tellus, 40B, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • WMO: 1990, World Meteorological Organisation BAPMoN Precipitation Chemistry Database, Collaborating Center on Background Air Pollution Data, Office of Research and Development, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, D. and Sun, B.: 1986, ‘Atmospheric pollution from coal combustion in China’, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc., 36, 371–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, D. and Xiong, J.: 1988, ‘Acidification in southwestern China’, in: Acidification in Tropical Countries, Rodhe, H. and Hererra, R. (Eds.) SCOPE Report 36, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 317–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, D., Xiong, J., Xu, Y. and Chang, W.: 1988, ‘Acid rain in southwestern China’, Atmos. Environ. 22, 349–358.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, PB 1, Mordialloc, Vic., Australia, 3195

    G. P. Ayers

Authors
  1. G. P. Ayers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Plenary speaker.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ayers, G.P. Atmospheric acidification in the Asian region. Environ Monit Assess 19, 225–250 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00401314

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00401314

Keywords

Search

Navigation