References
Bessel, F. W. (read 1832), Über den gegenwärtigen Standpunkt der Astronomie. In author's Populäre Vorlesungen über wissenschaftliche Gegenstände. Hrsg., H. C. Schumacher (1848), pp. 1–33. Hamburg.
Biot, J.-B. (1811), Traité élementaire d'astronomie physique, t. 2. Second, ed. Paris — St. Petersbourg.
Boscovich, R. J. (1757), De litteraria expeditione per pontificam ditionem ... Memoriae de Bononiensi scientiarum et artium Instituto atque accademia, t. 4, 353–394 this being a summary of the original Latin edition of Maire & Boscovich (1770). See Cubranić (1961).
Bru, B. (1988), Laplace et la critique probabiliste des mesures géodesiques. In La figure de la Terre. Eds, H. Lacombe & P. Costabel, pp. 223–244. Paris.
Cantor, G. (1881), Huber Daniel. In Allg. Deutsche Biogr., Bd. 13, pp. 228–229. Reprinted 1969. Berlin.
Cauchy, A. L. (1853), Mémoire sur l'évaluation d'inconnues déterminées par un grand nombre d'équations approximatives du premier degré. Oeuvr. compl., sér. 1, t. 2. Paris, 1900, 36–46.
Cubranić, N. (1961), Geodetski rad R. Boskovicá. Zagreb. The main part of the book is occupied by a reprint of Boscovich (1757) and by its Serbo-Croatian translation.
Delambre, J. B. J. (1814), Astronomie théorique et pratique, t. 2. Paris.
Delambre, J. B. J. (1827), Histoire de l'astronomie au dix-huitième siècle. Paris.
Eisenhart, C. (1976), [Disscussion of invited papers on the history of statistics, 40th Session of Intern. Stat. Inst. 1975]. Bull. Intern. Stat. Inst., t. 46, 355–357.
Euler, L. (1749), Recherches sur la question des inégalités du mouvement de Saturn et de Jupiter. Opera omnia ser. 2, t. 25, pp. 45–157. Turici.
Euler, L. (1778), Observationes ... Engl. transl.: Observations on the foregoing dissertation of Bernoulli. See Kendall (1961).
Farebrother, R. W. (1990), Further details of contacts between Boscovich and Simpson... Biometrika, vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 397–400.
Fellmann, E. A. (1972), Daniel Huber. In Neue Deutsche Biogr. Bd. 9, pp. 689–690.
Fellmann, E. A. (Unpubl.), Daniel Huber. In Schweizer Lexikon. Luzern.
Gauss, C. F. (1809), Theoria motus ... German transl. (1887) of the relevant part: Aus der Theorie der Bewegung der Himmelkörper. In author's Abhandlungen zur Methode der kleinsten Quadrate. Hrsg., A. Börsch & P. Simon, pp. 92–117. Berlin.
Gergonne, J. D. (1821), Dissertation sur la recherche du milieu le plus probable... Annales math. pures et appl., t. 12, No. 6, 181–204. Publ. anonymously. Authorship reasonably established by Stigler (1976).
Gerling, C. L. (1843), Die Ausgleichungsrechnung der practischen Geometrie. Hamburg — Gotha.
Gleinsvik, P. (1967), The generalization of the theorem of Jacobi. Bull. géod., t. 85, 269–281.
Idelson, N. I. (1948), Sposob naimenshikh kvadratov ... (Method of least squares). Moscow. (In Russian.)
Jacobi, C. G. J. (1841), Über die Bildung und die Eigenschaften der Determinanten. Reprinted (1896) in Ostwald Klassiker No. 77, pp. 3–49. Leipzig.
Kendall, M. G. (1961). Daniel Bernoulli on maximum likelihood. Incorporates Engl. transl. of the memoirs of Daniel Bernoulli and Euler (1778). Biometrika, vol. 48, 1–18. Reprinted (1970) in Studies in the history of statistics and probability [vol. 1]. Eds, E. S. Pearson & M. G. Kendall, pp. 155–172. London.
Kepler, J. (1929), Neue Astronomie (1609. in Latin). München — Berlin.
Lambert, J. H. (1765). Theorie der Zuverläßigkeit der Beobachtungen und Versuche. In author's Beyträge zum Gebrauche der Mathematik und deren Anwendung, T1. 1, pp. 424–488. Berlin.
Laplace, P. S. (1788), Théorie de Jupiter et de Saturne. Oeuvr. compl., t. 11, 1895, pp. 95–239. Paris.
Laplace, P. S. (1812), Théorie analytique des probabilités. Oeuvr. compl., t. 7, No. 1–2, 1886. Paris.
Laplace, P. S. (1814), Essai philosophique sur les probabilités. Included with separate pagination as Introduction to later editions of author's Théor. anal. prob. In Oeuvr. compl. t. 7, No. 1.
Linnik, Yu. V. (1961), Method of least squares ... Oxford a.o. Orig. publ. in Russian in 1958.
Maire, C., & R. Boscovich (1770), Voyage astronomique et géographique ... Paris. Orig. publ. in 1755, in Latin, as De litteraria expeditione per pontificam ditionem ...
Mayer, T. (1750), Abhandlung über die Umwalzung des Monds um seine Axe ... Kosmographische Nachr. und Sammlungen für 1748, 52–183.
Méchain & Delambre (1810), Base du système métrique, t. 3, Paris.
Merian, P. (1830), Daniel Huber. In Verhandlungen der allgemeinen schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesammten Naturwissenschaften in ihrer 16. Jahresversammlung zu St. Gallen 1830, pp. 145–152. St. Gallen.
Monjardet, B. (1991), Eléments pour une histoire de la médiane métrique. In Moyenne, milieu, centre. Histoires et usages. Eds, J. Feldman et al., pp. 45–62. Paris.
Muncke (1827), Erde. In Gehlers physikalisches Wörterbuch, Bd. 3, pp. 825–1141. Leipzig.
Peters, C. A. F., Hrsg. (1865), Briefwechsel zwischen Gauss und Schumacher, Bd. 6. Altona.
Plackett, R. L. (1958), The principle of the arithmetical mean. Biometrika, vol. 45, 130–135. Reprinted in Stud. hist. stat. and prob. [vol. 1], pp. 121–126.
Plackett R. L. (1972), Discovery of the method of least squares. Biometrika, vol. 59, No.2, 239–251. Reprinted in Stud. hist. stat. and prob., vol. 2, 1977, Eds. Sir Maurice Kendall & R. L. Plackett, pp. 279–291. London.
Sheynin, O. B. (1972), On the mathematical treatment of observations by L. Euler. AHES, vol. 9, No. 1, 45–56.
Sheynin, O. B. (1973a), R. J. Boscovich's work on probability. AHES, vol. 9, No. 4–5, 306–324.
Sheynin, O. B. (1973b), Mathematical treatment of astronomical observations... AHES, vol. 11, No. 2–3, 97–126.
Sheynin, O. B. (1976), P. S. Laplace's work on probability. AHES, vol. 16, No. 2, 137–187.
Sheynin, O. B. (1977), Laplace's theory of errors. AHES, vol. 17, No. 1, 1–61.
Sheynin, O. B. (1979), C. F. Gauss and the theory of errors. AHES, vol. 20, No. 1, 21–72.
Sheynin, O. B. (1988), Review of Stigler (1986). Centaurus, vol. 31, No. 2, 173–174.
Sheynin, O. B. (1992), Al-Biruni and the mathematical treatment of observations. Arabic sciences and philos., vol. 2 (forthcoming).
Stigler, S. M. (1976), The anonymous Professor Gergonne. Hist. math., vol. 3, 71–74.
Stigler, S. M. (1984), Boscovich, Simpson and a 1760 manuscript note... Biometrika, vol. 71, No. 3, 615–620.
Stigler, S. M. (1986), The history of statistics. Cambridge, Mass.
Volk, O. (1957), Astronomie und Geodäsie bei C. F. Gauss. In Gauss's Gedenkband, Hrsg., H. Reichardt, pp. 205–229. Leipzig.
Waterhouse, W. C. (1990), Gauss's first argument for least squares. AHES, vol. 41, No. 1, 41–52.
Whittaker, E. T. & G. Robinson (1958), Calculus of observations. London — Glasgow.
Wolf, R. (1858), Daniel Huber von Basel. In Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweiz, 1. Cyclus, pp. 441–462. Zürich.
Von Zach, F. X. (1805), Versuch einer auf Erfahrung gegründeten Bestimmung terrestrischer Refractionen. Monatl. Correspondenz, Bd. 11, No. 5, 389–415; No. 6, 485–504. Publ. anonymously. Von Zach was the editor of the Monatl. Corr.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by C. Truesdell
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sheynin, O. On the history of the principle of least squares. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 46, 39–54 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00387725
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00387725