Abstract
The bladder surface glycosaminoglycan layer is an important defense mechanism for the transitional epithelium. It allows adaptation to the constant exposure to urine, and controls the permeability of urinary substances to the transitional cell. This layer seems to be impaired in some patients with interstitial cystitis.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
- 1.
Parsons CL, Stauffer CW, Schmidt JD. Reversible inactivation of bladder surface glycosaminoglycan antibacterial activity by protamine sulfate. Infect Immun 1988;56:1341–1343
- 2.
Uehling DT, Mizutani K, Balish E. Effect of immunization on bacterial adherence to urothelium. Invest Urol 1978;16:145–147
- 3.
Cox CE, Hinman F Jr. Experiments with induced bacteriuria, vesical emptying and bacterial growth on the mechanism of bladder defense to infection. J Urol 1961;86:739–748
- 4.
Hinman F Jr, Cox CE. The voiding vesical defense mechanism: the mathematical effect of residual urine, voiding interval and volume on bacteriuria. J Urol 1966;96:491–498
- 5.
Parsons CL, Greenspans C, Mulholland S. The primary antibacterial defense mechanism of the bladder. Invest Urol 1975;13:72–76
- 6.
Shrom SH, Parsons CL, Mulholland SG. Role of urothelial surface mucoprotein in intrinsic bladder defense. J Urol 1977;9:526–533
- 7.
Gill WB, Ruggiero K, Straus FH. Crystallization studies in a urothelial-lined living test tube (the catheterized female rat bladder): I. Calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to the chemically injured rat bladder. Invest Urol 1979;17:257–261
- 8.
Gill WB, Jones KW, Ruggiero KJ. Protective effects of heparin and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans on crystal adhesion to injured urothelium. J Urol 1982;127:152–154
- 9.
Parsons CL, Stauffer C, Schmidt JD. Bladder surface glycosaminoglycans: an efficient mechanism of environmental adaptation. Science 1980;208:605–607
- 10.
Hanno PM et al. The protective effect of heparin in experimental bladder infection. J Surg Res 1978;25:324–309
- 11.
Parsons CL. Prevention of urinary tract infection by the exogenous glycosaminoglycans sodium pentosanpolysulfate. J Urol 1982;127:167–169
- 12.
Parsons CL, Pollen J, Anwar H, Stauffer C, Schmidt J. Antibacterial activity of bladder surface mucin duplicated in the rabbit by exogenous glycosaminoglycan (sodium pentosanpolysulfate). Infect Immun 1980;27:876–881
- 13.
Parsons CL, Mulholland S, Anwar H. Antibacterial activity of bladder surface mucin duplicated by exogenous glycosaminoglycan (heparin). Infect Immun 1979;24:552–557
- 14.
Mueller SC, Thueroff JW, Rumpelt HJ. Urothelial leukoplakia: new aspects of etiology and therapy. J Urol 1987;137:979–983
- 15.
Parsons CL. Successful management of radiation cystitis with sodium pentosanpolysulfate. J Urol 1986;136:813–814
- 16.
Parsons CL, Mulholland S. Successful therapy of interstitial cystitis with pentosanpolysulfate. J Urol 1987;138:513–516
- 17.
Parsons CL, Schmidt J, Pollen J. Successful treatment of interstitial cystitis with sodium pentosanpolysulfate. J Urol 1983;130:51–53
- 18.
Synthetic water-soluble polymers in solution. E. A. Bekturov and Z. Kh. Bakauvoa (eds.). Hüthig & Wepf Verlag, New York, pp 38–54, 1986
- 19.
Menter JM, Hurst RE, Nakamura N, West SS. Thermodynamics of mucopolysaccharide-dye binding. III. Thermodynamic and cooperativity parameters of acridine orange-heparin system. Biopolymers 1979;18:493–505
- 20.
Menter JM, Hurst RE, Corliss DA, West SS, Abrahamson EW. Structural basis for the anticoagulant activity of heparin II. Relationship of anticoagulant activity to the thermodynamics of fluorescence fading kinetics of acridine orange-heparin complexes. Biochemistry 1979;18:4288–92
- 21.
Parsons CL, Stauffer C, Schmidt J. Impairment of antibacterial effect of bladder surface mucin by protamine sulfate. J Infect Dis 1981;144:180
- 22.
Parsons CL, Danielson B, Fellstrom B. Inhibition of uric acid crystal adherence by bladder surface and urinary glycosaminoglycans. Pathogenese und Klinik der Harnsteine XI. Stein-Kopff Verlag Darmstadt 1985;35.
- 23.
Kaufman J, Anderson K, Parsons CL. Inactivation of antiadherence effect of the bladder surface glycosaminoglycans as a possible mechanism for carcinogenesis. Urology 1987;30:255–258
- 24.
Dixon JS, Holm-Bentzen M, Gilpin CJ, Gosling JA, Bostofte E, Hald T, Larsen S. Electron microscopic investigation of the bladder urothelium and glycocalyx in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1986;135:621–625
- 25.
Cornish J, Nickel JC, Vanderwee M, Costerton JW. Ultrastructural visualization of human bladder mucous. Urol Res 1990;18:263–266
- 26.
Gryte CC, Gregor HP. Poly-(styrene sulfonic acid)-poly-(vinylidene fluoride) interpolymer ion-exchange membranes. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 1976;14:1839–1854
- 27.
Gregor HP. Fixed-charge ultrafiltration membranes. In: Selegny E, ed. Charged gels and membranes. Holland: D Reider;1976;Part I, 235
- 28.
Gregor HP. Anticoagulant activity of sulfonate polymers and copolymers. In: Gregor HP, ed. Polymer science and technology vol 5. New York: Plenum Press, 1975:51
- 29.
Hurst RE, Jennings GC, Lorincz AE. Partition techniques for isolation and fractionation of urinary glycosaminoglycans. Anal Biochem 1977;79:502–512
- 30.
Menter JM, Hurst RE, Corliss DA, West SS, Brahamson EW. Structural basis for the anticoagulant activity of heparin. II. Relationship of anticoagulant activity to the thermodynamics of fluorescence fading kinetics of acridine orange-heparin complexes. Biochemistry 1979;18:4388–4392
- 31.
Hurst RE, Rhodes SW, Adamson PB, Parsons CL, Roy JB. Functional and structural characteristics of the glycosaminoglycan layer of the bladder luminal surface. J Urol 1987;138:433–437
- 32.
Parsons CL, Boychuk D, Jones S, Hurst R, Callahan H. Bladder surface glycosaminoglycan: an epithelial permeability barrier. J Urol 1990;143:139–142
- 33.
Lilly JD, Parsons CL. Bladder surface glycosaminoglycans: a human epithelial permeability barrier. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;171:493–496
- 34.
Hohlbrugger G, Lentsch P. Intravesical ions, osmolality and pH influence the volume pressure response in the normal rat bladder, and this is more pronounced after DMSO exposure. Eur Urol 1985;11:127–130
- 35.
Mulholland SG, Hanno P, Parsons CL, Sant GR, Staskin DR. Pentosan polysulfate sodium for therapy of interstitial cystitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Urology 1990;35:552–558
- 36.
Lose G, Frandsen B, Hojensgard JC, Jespersen J, Astrup T. Chronic interstitial cystitis: increased levels of eosinophil cationic protein in serum and urine and an ameliorating effect of subcutaneous heparin. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1983;17:159–161
- 37.
Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ. Summary of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop on Interstitial Cystitis, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, August 28–29, 1987. J Urol 1988;140:203–206
- 38.
Parsons CL, Hurst R. Decreased urinary uronic acid levels in individuals with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1990;143:690–693
- 39.
Parsons CL, Stein P. Role of toxic urine in interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1990;143:373A (Abstract)
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Parsons, C.L. The role of the glycosaminoglycan layer in bladder defense mechanisms and interstitial cystitis. Int Urogynecol J 4, 373–379 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00387392
Issue Date:
Keywords
- Glycosaminoglycan layer
- Interstitial cystitis
- Transitional cell