Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Subtypes of panic attacks and ICD-9 classification

  • Published:
European archives of psychiatry and neurological sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

No single ICD-9 category corresponds to panic disorder (DSM-III). To investigate whether patients with panic attacks can be identified by means of ICD-9, 97 patients with three panic attacks within 3 weeks were recruited from various medical centers, and were classified independently according to DSM-111 and ICD-9.

The ICD-9 diagnoses were scattered over a broad range of categories, and it was impossible to identify patients with panic disorder in this manner. Anxiety state, affective psychosis, and depressive neurosis were the most frequent ICD-9 diagnoses. The boundary between affective psychosis on the one hand and anxiety state and depressive neurosis on the other hand was validated by present and previous symptomatology and by cluster analysis. The boundary between anxiety state and depressive neurosis could not be validated in this way. Correspondingly, modifications of the ICD-9 classifications are proposed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn, APA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  2. Andreasen NC, Grove WM (1982) The classification of depression: Traditional vs. mathematical approaches. Am J Psychiatry 139:45–52

    Google Scholar 

  3. Binder J, Dobler-Mikola A, Angst J (1981) An epidemiological study of minor psychiatric disturbances. A field study among 20 year old females and males in Zürich. Soci Psychiatry 16:31–41

    Google Scholar 

  4. Breier A, Charney DS, Heninger GR (1984) Major depression in patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:1129–1135

    Google Scholar 

  5. Everitt BS (1972) Cluster analysis: A brief discussion of some problems. Br J Psychiatry 120:143–145

    Google Scholar 

  6. Everitt BS, Gourlay AJ, Kendell RE (1971) An attempt at validation of traditional psychiatric syndromes by cluster analysis. Br J Psychiatry 119:399–412

    Google Scholar 

  7. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA jr., Winokur G, Munoz R (1972) Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:57–63

    Google Scholar 

  8. Garside RF, Roth M (1978) Multivariate statistical methods and problems of classification in psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 133:53–67

    Google Scholar 

  9. Gastpar M (1983) The ICD-9 and the SADD Criteria of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 68 (Suppl. No. 310):31–41

    Google Scholar 

  10. Grove WM, Andreasen NC (1982) Simultaneous tests of many hypotheses in exploratory research. J Nerv Ment Dis 170:3–8

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gurney C, Roth M, Garside RF, Kerr TA, Schapiro H (1972) The assessment and prediction of outcome in affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 121:162–166

    Google Scholar 

  12. Klein DF (1964) Delineation of two drug-responsive anxiety syndromes. Psychopharmacologia 5:397–408

    Google Scholar 

  13. Klein DF (1981) Anxiety reconceptualized. In: Klein DF, Rabkin J (eds) Anxiety: New research and changing concepts. Raven Press, New York, pp 235–263

    Google Scholar 

  14. Klerman GL, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Hirschfeld RMA (1979) Neurotic depression: A symptomatic analysis of multiple criteria and meanings. Am J Psychiatry 19:57–61

    Google Scholar 

  15. Leckman JF, Weissman MM, Merikangas KR, Pauls DL, Prusoff BA (1983) Panic disorder and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:1055–1060

    Google Scholar 

  16. Mezzich JE (1978) Evaluating clustering methods for psychiatric diagnoses. Biol Psychiatry 13:265–281

    Google Scholar 

  17. Paykel ES (1981) Have multivariate statistics contributed to classification? Br J Psychiatry 139:357–362

    Google Scholar 

  18. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW (1983) Structured clinical interview for DSM-III (SCID 2/14/83). Biometrics research department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York

    Google Scholar 

  19. Torgersen S (1983) Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Gen Arch Psychiatry 40:1085–1089

    Google Scholar 

  20. Van Valkenburg C, Akiskal HS, Puzantian V, Rosenthal T (1984) Anxious depressions. J Affect Disord 6:67–82

    Google Scholar 

  21. Wishart D (1978) Clustan user manual, 3rd edn, Edinburgh, Program Library Unit, Edinburgh University

    Google Scholar 

  22. World Health Organization (1978) Mental disorders: Glossary and guide to their classification in accordance with the ninth revision of the international classification of diseases. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-6500, Mainz, Germany

    W. Maier, R. Buller, A. Sonntag & I. Heuser

Authors
  1. W. Maier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Buller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Sonntag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. I. Heuser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Maier, W., Buller, R., Sonntag, A. et al. Subtypes of panic attacks and ICD-9 classification. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 235, 361–366 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381005

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381005

Key words

Search

Navigation