Nutrient and productivity relations of the dune grasses Ammophila arenaria and Elymus mollis

Summary

A comparative study of blade photosynthesis and nitrogen use efficiency was made on the dune grasses Ammophila arenaria and Elymus mollis. In the laboratory, an open system gas analysis apparatus was used to examine the gas exchange characteristics of blades as influenced by nitrogen supply. Plants were grown under near-ambient coastal conditions in a greenhouse near Bodega Bay, California, and given either high or low supplies of nitrogen in an otherwise complete nutrient solution. In the field, ¹⁴CO₂ uptake techniques were employed to measure the seasonal patterns of blade photosynthesis of plants growing in situ at Point Reyes National Seashore. Blades used in the lab and field studies were analyzed for total nitrogen content, thus allowing for calculations of photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (CO₂ fixed/unit of blade N.).

Under laboratory conditions, the introduced Ammophila developed higher rates of light-saturated photosynthesis than the native Elymus, especially under the nitrogenlimited growth regime. Higher rates of photosynthesis and lower concentrations of blade N resulted in a significantly greater nitrogen use efficiency for Ammophila regardless of nutrient treatment. Low N availability induced qualitatively similar physiological responses in both species, including reductions in maximum net photosynthesis, mesophyll conductance, leaf conductance, dark respiration, and blade nitrogen content, and an increase in the CO₂ compensation point.

Although the photosynthetic rates of Ammophila blades were higher in the lab, those of Elymus blades were consistently higher in the field. This could have resulted from differential effects of drought on the two species (i.e. Ammophila may have been more sensitive) or a higher photosynthetic capacity in Elymus that reflected the greater (1.2–1.5 X) nitrogen content of its blades. However, the nitrogen use efficiency of Ammophila blades was greater than that of Elymus throughout most of the sampling year, despite lower average rates of field photosynthesis.

The results indicated that rates of photosynthesis perunit of blade area do not account for the greater aboveground productivity of Ammophila stands along the Pacific coast of North America. Instead, efficient nitrogen use in photosynthesis maycomplement other structural and physiological traits and thereby enhance long-term carbon gain in Ammophila relative to Elymus.