Summary
Chitty's Polymorphic Behavioural Hypothesis (Chitty 1967) was logically reduced to three main assumptions that were mathematically modelled:
-
1)
Level of aggression is genetically determined by simple Mendelian selection.
-
2)
Recruitment is inversely related to female parental level of aggression.
-
3)
Aggressives are completely successful in breeding competition.
The model utilized data from willow ptarmigan populations, but was generalized to other grouse species. Simulation results were indistinguishable from the behaviour of real world grouse populations lending support to Chitty's hypothesis as the explanation of cyclicity. The model also seems applicable to ther species. Eight tests that would falsify the model were identified.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allee WL, Collias NE, Lutherman CZ (1939) Modification of the social order in hens by the injection of testosterone propionate. Physiol Zool 12:412–440
Bergerud AT (1970) Population dynamics of Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus alleni L. in Newfoundland 1955–1965. Oikos 21:299–325
Beyer C, Larsson K, Cruz ML (1979) Neural mechanisms probably related to the effects of steroids on sexual behaviour In: Beyer C (ed) Endocrine control of sexual behaviour. Raven Press, New York
Boag DA, Alway JH (1981) Heritability of dominance status among Japanese Quail: a preliminary report. Can J Zool 59:441–444
Chitty D (1958) Self-regulation of numbers through changes in viability. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 22:277–280
Chitty D (1960) Population processes in the vole and their relevance to general theory. Can J Zool 38:99–113
Chitty D (1967) The natural selection of self-regulatory behaviour in animal populations. Proc Ecol Soc Aust 2:51–78
Collias NE (1950) Hormones and behaviour with special reference to birds and mammals and the mechanism of hormone action. In: Gordon ES (ed) A symposium of steroid hormones. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
Craig JV, Ortman, LC, Gull AM (1965) Genetic selection for social dominance ability in chickens. Anim Behav 13:114–131
Dixson AF (1980) Androgens and aggressive behaviour in primates: a review. J Aggress Behav 6:37–67
Elton CS (1942) Voles, mice and lemmings. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 496
Erikstad KE, Blom R, Myrberget S (1981) Territorial hooded crows as predators on Willow Ptarmigan nests. J Wildl Manage 46:109–114
Gandelman R, Svare B (1974) Mice: pregnancy termination, lactation and aggression. Horm Behav 5:397–405
Gardarsson A (1971) Food ecology and spacing behaviour of Rock Ptarmigan in Iceland. PhD Univ Calif, Berkeley
Hannon SJ (1982) Female aggressiveness, breeding density, and monogamy in Willow Ptarmigan. PhD Diss Univ Br Columb, Vancouver, B.C.
Hogan-Warburg AJ (1966) Social behaviour of the Ruff (Philomachus pugnax). Ardea 54:109–299
Hunt F (1982) Regulation of population cycles by genetic feed-back: existence of periodic solutions of a mathematical model. J Math Biol 13:271–282
Jacobs J (1981) How heritable is innate behaviour? Z Tierpsychol 55:1–18
Johns JE, Pfeiffer EW (1963) Testosterone induced incubation patches of phalaropes. Science 140:1225–1226
Keith LB (1963) Wildlife's ten year cycle. University Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp 201
Keith LB, Windberg LA (1978) A demographic analysis of the snowshoe hare cycle. Wildl Mongr 58:70
Keller BL, Krebs CJ (1970) Microtus population biology. III. Reproductive changes in fluctuating populations of M. ochgrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus in southern Indiana, 1965–1967. Ecol Monogr 40:263–294
Koertge N (1979) The problem of appraising scientific theories. pp 228–251. In: Asquith PD, Kyburg HE Jr (eds) Current research in the philosophy of science. Philos Sci Assoc East Lansing, Michigan, p 533
Krebs CJ, Myers JH (1974) Population cycles in small mammals. Adv Ecol Res 8:267–399
Krebs CJ (1978) Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Harper and Row, N.Y. pp 678
Krebs CJ (1978) A review of the Chitty hypothesis of population regulation. Can J Zool. 12:2463–2480
Krebs CJ (1979) Book review of population of small mammals under natural conditions. Science 203:350–351
Kuhn TS (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions Chicago Press, U of Chicago Press, Chicago, p 172
Kuhn TS (1965) Logic of discovery of psychology of research? In: Lakatos I, Musgrave A (eds) Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p 282
Lakatos I (1965) Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In: Lakatos I, Musgrave A (eds) Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p 282
Lakatos I, Musgrave A (1965) Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p 282
Lomnicke A (1978) Individual differences between animals and the natural regulation of their numbers J Anim Ecol 47:461–475
McCollom RE, Siegel PB, Van Krey HP (1974) Responses to androgens in lines of chickens selected for mating behaviour. Horm Behav 2:31–42
Moss R, Watson A (1980) Inherent changes in the aggressive behaviour of a fluctuating Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus population. Ardea 68:113–119
Myrberget S (1972) Fluctuations in a north Norwegian Population of Willow Grouse. Proc Int Ornithol Congr 15:107–120
Myers JH, Krebs CJ (1971) Genetic, behavioural and reproductive attributes of dispersing voles M. pennsylvanicus and M. ochrogaster. Ecol Monogr 41:53–78
O'Malley BW (1977) Hormonal control of gene expression in reproductive tissue. In: Greep O, Koblinsky MA (eds) Frontier in reproductive and fertility control. Part 2. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass
O'Donald P (1971) Mating preferences and sexual selection in the Arctic Skua. II. Behavioural mechanisms of the mating preferences. Heredity 39:111–120
Pielou EC (1977) Mathematical ecology. J Wiley, New York, p 385
Pitelka FA (1958) Some aspects of population structure in the short-term cycle of the Brown Lemming in northern Alaska. Cold Spring Harbour Symp Quant Biol 22:237–251
Popper KR (1959) The logic of scientific discovery. Basic Books, New York, p 479
Popper KR (1965) Normal science and its dangers. In: Lakatos, Musgrave A (eds) Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p 282
Poulsen ET (1979) Model for population regulation with density and frequency dependent selection. J Math Biol 13:305–324
Redfield JA, Zwickel FC, Bendell JF (1970) Effects of fire on numbers of blue grouse. Annu Tall Timbers Fire Ecol Conf Proc 10:63–83
Romesburg HC (1981) Wildlife science: gaining reliable knowledge. J Wildl Manage 45:293–313
Roughgarden J (1971) Density-dependent natural selection. Ecology 52:453–468
Salmon WC (1978) Why ask, “Why?” — an, inquiry concerning scientific explanation. Proc Am Philos Assoc 51:683–705
Salmon WC (1979) Informal analytical approaches to the philosophy of science Current research in philosophy of science. Edwards Bros, Ann Arbor, Mich, pp 3–15
Silver R, O'Connell M, Saad R (1979) Effect of androgens on the behaviour of brids. In: Beyer C (ed) Endocrine control of sexual behaviour. Raven Press, New York, pp 223–278
Smouse PE (1976) The implications of density-dependent population growth for frequency-and density-dependent selection. Am Nat 110:849–860
Wagner GC, Beuving LJ, Hutchinson RR (1979) Androgen dependency of aggressive target-biting and paired fighting in male mice. Physiol Behav 22:43–46
Watson A (1965) A population study of ptarmigon (Lagopus mutus) in Scotland. J. Anim. Ecol. 34:135–172
Watson A (1970) Territorial and reproductive behaviour of Red Grouse. J Reprod Fertil [Suppl] 11:3–14
Watson A, Moss R (1980) Advances in our understanding of the population dynamics of Red Grouse from a recent fluctuation in numbers. Ardea 68:103–111
Watson A, Parr R (1981) Hormone implants affecting territory size and aggressive and sexual behaviour in Red Grouse. Ornis Scand 12:55–61
Weeden RB, Theberge JB (1972) The dynamics of a fluctuating population of Rock Ptarmigan in Alaska. Proc XV Inter Ornith Cong, pp 89–106
Weatherhead PJ, Robertson RH (1981) Defence of the “sexy Son” hypothesis. Am Nat 177:349–356
Wiger R (1982) Role of self-regulating mechanisms in cyclic populations of Clethrionomys with special reference to C. glareolus: a hypothesis. Oikos 38:60–71
Wilson EO (1975) Sociobiology: the new synthesis. Belknap Press, Cambridge. p 475
Wolff JO (1980) The role of habitat patchiness in the population dynamics of snowshoe hares. Ecol Monogr 50:111–130
Wright S (1968) The theory of gene frequencies. Vol 2. University Chicago Press. p 511
Wydoski RS (1964) Seasonal changes in the color of starling bills. Auk 81:542–550
Wynne-Edwards VC (1962) Animal dispersion in relation in social behaviour. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. p 653
Zedja J (1966) Litter size in Clethrionomys glareolus. Zool Listy 16:193–206
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Page, R.E., Bergerud, A.T. A genetic explanation for ten-year cycles of grouse. Oecologia 64, 54–60 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377543
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377543