References
Jowett B. (Trans) The Dialogues of Plato, 4th edn. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953
Rowe JW, Besdine RW, Ford AB et al. Urinary incontinence inadults — National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. JAMA 1989;261:2685–2690
Hudson RD. Disease and its control: the shaping of modern thought. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983
Rosen G. The specialization of medicine, with particular reference to ophthalmology. New York: Froben Press, 1944
Faber K. Nosography: the evolution of clinical medicine in modern times, 2nd edn. New York: Hoeber, 1930
Reiser SJ. Medicine and the reign of technology. London: Cambridge University Press, 1978
Nichols DH, Randall CL. Vaginal surgery, 3rd end. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1989
Zacharin RF. Pelvic floor anatomy and the surgery of pulsion enterocele. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988
Berglas B, Rubin IC. Study of the supportive structures of the uterus by levator myography. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1953;97:677–692
Halban J, Tandler J. Anatomie und Atiologie der Genital prolapse biem Weibe. Vienna: Wilhelm Braunmuller, 1907
Nichols DH, Milley PS, Randall CL. Significance of restoration of normal vaginal depth and axis. Obstet Gynecol 1970;36:251–256
Dickinson RL. Studies of the levator ani muscle. Am J Obstet Dis Women 1889;22:897–917
Richter K. Lebendige anatomie der vagina. Geburtschilfe Frauenheilk 1966;26:1213
Parks AG, Porter NH, Melzack J. Experimental study of the reflex mechanism controlling the muscles of the pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum 1962;5:407–414
DeMarsovsky PJ, Nichols DN, Randall CL. Urethrocolpography. Arch Gynäkol 1973;215:351–358
Kegel AH. Physiologic therapy for urinary stress incontinence. JAMA 1951;146:915–917
Parks AG, Swash M, Urich H. Sphincter denervation in anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Gut 1977;18:656–665
Snooks SJ, Sitchill M, Swash M, Henry MM. Injury to innervation of the pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 1984; 2546–2550
Beersick F, Parks AG, Swash M. Pathogenesis of anorectal incontinence: a histometric study of the anal sphincter musculature. J Neurol Sci 1979;42:111–127
Neill ME, Swash M. Increased motor unit fibre density in the external anal sphincter muscule in anorectal incontinence: a single-fibre EMG study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1980;43:343–347
Kiff ES, Swash M. Slowed conduction in the pudendal nerves in idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1984;71:614–616
Neill ME, Parks AG, Swash M. Physiological studies of the anal sphincter musculature in faecal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Br J Surg 1981;68:531–536
Henry MM, Parks AG, Swash M. The pelvic floor musculature in the descending perineum syndrome. Br J Surg 1982;69:470–472
Kiff ES, Barnes PRH, Swash M. Evidence of pudendal neuropathy in patients with perineal descent and chronic straining at stool. Gut 1984;25:1279–1282
Snooks SJ, Barnes PRH, Swash M. Damage to the innervation of the voluntary anal and periurethral sphincter musculature in incontinence: an electrophysiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1984;47:1269–1273
Snooks SJ, Swash M. Abnormalities of the innervation of the urethral striated sphincter in incontinence. Br J Urol 1984;56:401–406
Snooks SJ, Badenoch DF, Tipstaft RC, Swash M. Perineal nerve damage in genuine stress urinary incontinence: an electrophysiological study. Br J Urol 1985;57:422–426
Anderson RS. A neurogenic element to urinary stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984;91:41–45
Gilpin SA, Gosling JA, Smith ARB, Warrell DW. The pathogenesis of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A histological and histochemical study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:15–23
Smith ARB, Hosker GL, Warrell DW. The role of partial denervation of the pelvic floor in the aetiology of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:24–28
Smith ARB, Hosket GI, Warrell DW. The role of pudendal nerve damage in the aetiology of genuine stress incontinence of urine. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:29–32
Perry J. Orthopedic management of post-polio sequelae. In: Halstead LS, Wiechers DO (eds) Late effects of poliomyelitis Miami: Symposia Foundation, 1985, pp. 193–206
Nordin M, Frankel VH. Biomechanics of collagenous tissues. In Nordin M, Frankel VH (eds) Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1980, pp. 87–110
Rathbun JB, Macnab I. The microvascular pattern of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg 1970;52B:540–553
Abbott LC, Saunders JBdeCM, Bost FC, Anderson CE. Injuries to the ligaments of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg 1944;26:503–521
Grana WA, Muse G. The effect of exercise on laxity in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 1988;16:586–588
Burch JG. Cooper's ligaments urethrovesical suspension for stress incontinence. Nine years' experience — results, complications, technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968;100:764–774
Addison WA, Livengood CH III, Sutton GP, Parker RT. Abdominal sacral colpopexy with Mersilene mesh in the retropentoneal position in the management of posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse and enterocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:140–146
Whorwell PJ, Lupton EW, Erduran D, Wilson K. Bladder smooth muscle dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1986;27:1014–1017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This paper has been reproduced from Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1991;34(4):486–96 with kind permission of the University of Chicago.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wall, L.L., DeLancey, J.O.L. The politics of prolapse: A revisionist approach to disorders of the pelvic floor in women. Int Urogynecol J 4, 304–309 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372746
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372746