Skip to main content

Flashbacks: A personal follow-up

Summary

During the period 1971–1973, it was found that 53 out of 91 young drug abusers in a psychiatric hospital had experienced flashbacks. This applied to as many as 50 out of the 65 patients who had used LSD, but also to abusers of organic solvents and cannabis. As many as 38% of the patients were found to be severely incapacitated by their flashbacks.

On a personal follow-up 1 1/2–4 years after the first therapeutic contact, 35 patients were still troubled by flashbacks. On the whole the reactions were less intense than at the time of the first contact. No relation between the flashbacks and protracted psychotic development could be established.

The overall clinical and social course was worse for patients with flashbacks than for the rest of the population.

Patients still bothered by flashbacks used drugs and alcohol as sedatives to a greater extent than the rest.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

References

  1. Angrist, B. M.: Reported effects of “STP” — The unreliability of hippies as reporters of drug effects. Br. J. Addict. 64, 231–234 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Annis, N. M., Smart, R. G.: Adverse reactions and recurrence from marijuana use. Br. J. Addict. 68, 315–319 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bloomquist, E. R.: Marihuana, The second trip. Beverly Hills, California: Glencoe Press, Th. McMillan Company 1973

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chopra, G. S., Smith, J. W.: Psychotic reactions following cannabisuse in East Indians. Arch. Gen Psychiat. 30, 24–27 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cohen, S.: Lysergic acid diethylamide. Side effects and complications. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 130, 30–0 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Faillace, L.: 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. Clinical evaluation of a new hallucinogenic drug. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 150, 119–126 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Glass, G. S., Bowers, M. B.: Chronic psychosis associated with longterm psychomimetic drug abuse. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 23, 97–130 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Haastrup, S.: Young drug abusers. 350 patients interviewed at admission and followed up three years later. Copenhagen: Munksgaard 1973

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hait, J. B., McChesney, J. D.: Composition of illicit drugs and the use of drug analysis in abuse abatement. J. Psychodelic Drugs 5, 83–88 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hasse, H. E., Waldmann, H.: “Flashback”: Spontane psychotische Episoden als Folgeerscheinung des Phantasiegebrauchs Jugendlicher. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 214, 399–439 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Holsten, F.: “Flashbacks”. Senreaksjoner etter bruk av LSD og cannabis hos 78 stoffmisbrukere. T. norske Lægefor. 94, 2070–2078 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Holsten, F.: STP (DOM). Et psykomimetiske amfetamin med hallusinogene og psykosefremmende egenskaper. T. norske Láegefor. 95, 171–177 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Horrowitz, M. J.: Flashbacks: Recurrent intrusive images after the use of LSD. Amer. J. Psychiat. 4, 565–569 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Keeler, M. H., Reifler, C. B., Liptzin, M. B.: Motivation for marihuana use. A correlate of adverse reaction. Amer. J. Psychiat. 125, 384 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Malleson, N.: Acute adverse reactions to LSD in clinical and experimental use in the United Kingdom. Brit. J. Psychiat. 118, 229–230 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  16. McGlothlin, W. H., Arnold, D. O.: LSD Revisited, A ten-year follow-up and medical LSD-use. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 24, 35–49 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  17. McWilliams, S. A., Tuttle, R. J.: Long-term psychological effects of LSD. Psychological Bulletin 79, 341–351 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Nyland, H.: Efedrin, misbruk og psykose. T. norske Lægefor. 93, 2022–2029 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Robbins, E., Froch, W. A., Stern, M.: Further observation on untoward reactions to LSD. Amer. J. Psychiat. 124, 393–395 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rosenthal, S. H.: Persistent hallucinosis following repeated administration of hallucinogenic drugs. Amer. J. Psychiat. 121, 238–244 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Smart, R. G., Bateman, K.: Unfavorable reactions to LSD. A review and analysis of available case reports. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 97, 1214–1221 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Stanton, M. D., Bardoni, A.: Drug flashbacks: Reported frequency in military population. Amer. J. Psychiat. 126, 6, 751–755 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Westin, S.: Misbruk av reisesyketabletter blant unge stoffmisbrukere. T. norske Laegefor. 92, 2071–2076 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Holsten, F. Flashbacks: A personal follow-up. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 222, 293–304 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00343238

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00343238

Key Words

  • Flashbacks
  • Young Drug Abusers
  • Psychopathology
  • Artificial Psychoses
  • Follow-up