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Anorectal function after low anterior resection of the rectum

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Abstract

Impaired neorectal function or sphincter incompetence have been respectively implicated as causative factors of increased frequency of defaecation or incontinence after low anterior resection of the rectum (LARR) for rectal carcinoma, although individual mechanisms of anorectal function have not been fully studied. Functional and laboratory results were evaluated in 19 subjects, who had a LARR for rectal carcinoma before and after the procedure, and were compared to those of normal subjects. LARR worsened anorectal function, mostly by significantly increasing the daily number of defaecations (p<0.001), while major incontinence was reported in three cases. Patients with rectal carcinoma have a decreased resting anal pressure on manometry, as compared to controls (p<0.001). LARR further reduces anal resting pressure (p<0.001) as well as all parameters that express internal sphincter activity, such as presence and amplitude of either slow (p<0.05 and p<0.01) or ultraslow waves. LARR also impaired external anal sphincter activity, as expressed by the reduction in anal squeeze pressure (p<0.001). Anorectal sampling was found reduced in incidence and frequency in LARR patients as compared to controls (p<0.01 and p<0.01), and was impaired even further postoperatively (p<0.001). Rectoanal inhibitory reflex was present in all but three patients postoperative, but significantly impaired as compared to controls. Rectal volumes to elicit transient or permanent desire to defecate, maximal tolerable rectal volume and rectal compliance were also significantly reduced after LARR (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively). Large bowel transit was significantly enhanced after LARR (p<0.001). On defaecography, the anorectal angle was found to be more obtuse but in higher position postoperatively as compared to controls (p<0.001). Bowel motion frequency was inversely related to rectal compliance (p<0.001) and length of remaining distal rectal stump, while patients with incontinence exhibited the lowest anal pressures. It is concluded that reduced neorectal capacity after removal of the rectum and impaired anal sphincter function because of stretching and damaged innervation, as well as impaired rectoanal coordination are all responsible for the functional problems after LARR.

Résumé

On attribue à une dysfonction du néorectum ou à une insuffisance sphinctérienne l'augmentation de fréquence des défécations et l'incontinence observée après des résection antérieures basses du rectum pour cancer rectal bien que les différents mécanismes de la fonction anorectale n'aient pas été totalement étudiés. Les résultats fonctionnels et les valeurs de laboratoire ont été déterminés chez 19 patients avant et après résection antérieure basse pour cancer du rectum; ces données ont été comparées à des sujets témoins. La résection antérieure basse du rectum péjore la fonction anale en augmentant essentiellement le nombre d'exonérations quotidiennes (P<0.001) alors que des incontinences majeures sont observées chez 3 patients. Les patients avec un cancer du rectum ont une diminution de la pression anale de repos à la manométrie en comparaison au témoin (P<0.001). La résection antérieure basse, par ailleurs, diminue la pression de repos (P<0.001) de même que tous les paramètres témoignant de l'activité du sphincter interne telles que la présence et l'amplitude d'ondes de contractions lentes (P<0.05 et P<0.01) ou de contractions ultra-lentes. La résection antérieure basse interfère avec l'activité du sphincter externe ainsi qu'en témoigne la réduction de la pression de contraction volontaire (P<0.001). L'échantillonage anorectal était réduit en incidence et fréquence chez des patients opérés comparativement au contrôle (P<0.01 et P<0.001) et était altéré en post-opératoire également (P<0.001). Le réflexe inhibiteur recto-anal était présent chez tous les patients à l'exception de 3 en post-opératoire mais était significativement altéré comparativement au contrôle. Le volume rectal entraînant le besoin trnsitoire ou permanent d'exonérer de méme que le volume maximal tolérable et la compliance rectale était significativement réduite après résection antérieure basse (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.01 et P<0.001 respectivement). Le temps de transit colique était significativement accéléré après résection antérieure basse (P<0.001). Sur les défécographies, l'angle ano-rectal était plus obtus et en position plus haute en post-opératoire comparativement au sujet témoin (P<0.001). La fréquence des exonérations était inversement proportionelle à la compliance rectale (P<0.001) et à la longueur du moignon rectal résiduel alors que les patients présentant une incontinence avaient des pressions anales les plus basses. On en conclut que les troubles fonctionnels secondaires à une résection antérieure basse résultent d'une diminution de la capacité du néo-rectum et d'une altération de la fonction sphinctérienne secondaire á la dilatation du néo-rectum et d'une altération de la fonction sphinctérienne secondaire à la dilatation anale et à une atteinte de l'innervation de même qu'à des troubles de la coordination recto-anale.

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Vassilakis, J.S., Pechlivanides, G., Zoras, O.J. et al. Anorectal function after low anterior resection of the rectum. Int J Colorect Dis 10, 101–106 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00341207

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