Abstract
The effects of low temperature and reduced light on a Glycine-Bradyrhizobium-Glomus spp. symbiosis were examined in pot experiments. Soybean plants, Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Tachiyutaka, were grown with N fertilization or inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum plus P fertilization or inoculation with Glomus mosseae in the glasshouse. After the flowering stage, half the pots with soybean plants were subjected to low temperature (15°C 14h/13°C 10 h) with light reduced by shading. At 0, 7, 16, and 28 days after the application of the treatments, the growth, nodulation, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection and the N and P contents of the soybean plants were measured. In all symbiont-fertilization combinations, the low-temperature treatment reduced the production of dry matter by the soybeans. Nodulation (weight and number) was slightly reduced by this treatment but the proportion of larger nodules was increased. The root length infected by the VAM fungus was little affected by the low-temperature treatment. Both the nodule weight and the infected root length were linearly related to shoot dry weight regardless of treatment and of the symbiont-fertilization combination used. These results suggest that the growth of the symbionts on the root was in balance with the shoot growth of the host, irrespective of climatic conditions, and imply a considerable degree of host control. P inflows to root systems were greatly affected by low-temperature treatment regardless of the symbiont-fertilization combination. This suggests that a simple comparison of P inflows between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants may give misleading information on the effects of low temperature or reduced light conditions on P uptake by mycorrhizal plants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barea JM, Azcon-Aguilar C (1984) Mycorrhizas and their significance in nodulating nitrogen-fixing plants. Adv Agron 36:1–54
Bethlenfalvay GJ, Pacovsky RS (1983) Light effects in mycorrhizal soybeans. Plant Physiol 73:969–972
Brewster JL, Tinker PB (1972) Nutrient flow rates into roots. Soil Fert 35:355–359
Daft MJ, El-Giahmi AA (1978) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza on plant growth. VIII. Effects of defoliation and light on selected hosts. New Phytol 80:365–372
Denison RF, Weisz PR, Sinclair TR (1985) Variability among plants in dinitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) rate by field-grown soybean. Agron J 77:947–950
Furlan V, Fortin JA (1973) Formation of endomycorrhizae by Endogone calospora on Allum cepa under three temperature regimes. Nat Can 100:467–477
Furlan V, Fortin JA (1977) Effects of light intensity on the formation of vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizas on Allium cepa by Gigaspora calospora. New Phytol 79:335–340
Fyson A, Sprent JI (1982) The development of primary root nodules on Vicia faba L. grown at two temperatures. Ann Bot 50:681–692
Bibson AH (1971) Factors in the physiological and biological environment affecting nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legumes. In: Biological nitrogen fixation in natural and agricultural habitats. Plant and Soil sp vol, pp 139–152
Giovanetti M, Mosse B (1980) An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol 84:489–500
Graham JH, Leonard RT, Menge JA (1982) Interaction of light intensity and soil temperature with phosphorus inhibition of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. New Phytol 91: 683–690
Hale MG, Orcutt DM (1987) The physiology of plants under stress. Wiley and Sons, New York
Harris D, Pacovsky RS, Paul EA (1985) Carbon economy of soybean-Rhizobium-Glomus associations. New Phytol 101:427–440
Hayman DS (1974) Plant growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. VI. Effect of light and temperature. New Phytol 73:71–80
Kato T, Saito M (1992) Effects of chilling temperature and low irradiance on the nitrogen uptake and assimilation by soybean plant. Tohoku Agric Res 45:137–138
Konno T, Saito M, Ishii K (1990) Relationship among nodulation, shoot growth and nutrient status of soybean. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 61:396–403
Mizuno N and Minami M (1980) The use of H2SO4-H2O2 for the digestion of plant matter as a preliminary to determination of N, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 51:418–420
Moorby H, Nye PH (1984) The effect of temperature variation over the root system on root extension and phosphate uptake by rape. Plant and Soil 78:283–293
Paul EA, Kucey RM (1981) Carbon flow in plant microbial associations. Science 213:473–474
Pearson JN, Smith SE, Smith FA (1991) Effect of photon irradiance on the development and activity of VA mycorrhizal infection in Allium porrum. Mycol Res 95:741–746
Phillips DA, Torrey JG (1972) Studies on cytokinin production by Rhizobium. Plant Physiol 49:11–15
Russell RS (1977) Plant root systems: Their function and interaction with the soil, McGraw-Hill, London
Sanders FE, Tinker PB (1973) Phosphate flow into mycorrhizal roots. Pestic Sci 4:385–395
Shiozaki H, Tsuchiya K (1985) Differences of respose to cool summer damage and wet damage among upland crops. Jpn Agric Res Q 18:268–274
Smith SE, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1990) Phosphorus uptake and arbuscular activity in mycorrhizal Allium cepa L.: Effects of photon irradiance and phosphate nutrition. Aust J Plant Physiol 17:177–188
Son CL, Smith SE (1988) Mycorrhizal growth responses: Interactions between photon irradiance and phosphorus nutrition. New Phytol 108:305–314
Tanaka A, Fujita K, Tanaka H (1980) Effect of shading on N2 fixation and compound nitrogen absorption in soybean. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 51:281–284
Tawaraya K, Tadano T, Tanaka A (1985) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of crops in Hokkaido. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 56:141–146
Tester M, Smith FA, Smith SE (1985) Phosphate inflow into Trifolium subterraneum L.: Effects of photon irradiance and mycorrhizal infection. Soil Biol Biochem 17:807–810
Tester M, Smith FA, Smith SE (1986) Effects of photon irradiance on the growth of shoots and roots, on the rate of initiation of mycorrhizal infection and on the growth of infection units in Trifolium subterraneum L. New Phytol 103:375–390
Thomson BD, Robson AD, Abbott LK (1990) Mycorrhizas formed by Gigaspora calospora and Glomus fasciculatum on subterranean clover in relation to soluble carbohydrate concentrations in roots. New Phytol 114:217–225
Weber DF, Miller VL (1972) Effect of soil temperature on Rhizobium japonicum serogroup distribution in soybean nodules. Agron J 64:796–798
White PJ, Clarkson DT, Earnshow MJ (1987) Acclimation of potassium influx in rye (Secale cereale) to low root temperatures. Planta 171:377–385
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saito, M., Kato, T. & Saito, M. Effects of low temperature and shade on relationships between nodulation, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection, and shoot growth of soybeans. Biol Fertil Soils 17, 206–211 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336324
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336324