Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sequence organization of animal nuclear DNA

  • Review Articles
  • Published:
Human Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Animal nuclear genomes contain DNA sequencea of various degrees of repetition. These sequences are organized in highly ordered fashions; repetitive and nonrepetitive sequences either alternate in short periods, i.e., short [0.2–0.4 kilobases (kb) long] repeats are flanked by nonrepetitive sequences less than 2 kb long, or in longer periods, with repetitive and/or nonrepetitive sequences extending for several kilobases. There are two main categories of genome organization, namely those exhibiting short-period interspersion and those that do not. There are arguments for and against a regulatory role of short interspersed repetitive sequences.

Besides the merely ‘statistical’ kinetic approach by conventional reassociation kinetics, sequence organization has been studied by restriction endonuclease mapping and nucleotide sequencing. Such studies have revealed some general features of the organization of the eukaryotic gene and its transcripts, namely possible ‘promoters’, ‘leaders’, ‘introns’, ‘exons’, ‘flanking sequences’, ‘caps’, ribosome-binding sites, and poly(A) sequences. This paper discusses how these elements of a gene might serve regulatory roles in its expression. re19800121

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abelson, J.: RNA processing and the intervening sequence problem. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48, 1035–1069 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adesnik, M., Darnell, J. E.: Biogenesis and characterization of histone messenger RNA in HeLa cells. J. Mol. Biol. 67, 397–406 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. R., Roberts, T. M., Loeblich, A. R. III, Klotz, L. C.: Characterisation of the DNA from the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii and implications for nuclear organisation. Cell 6, 161–169 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Angerer, R. C., Davidson, E. H., Britten, R. J.: DNA sequence organisation in the mollusc Aplysia californica. Cell 6, 29–39 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, R. R., Straus, N. A.: DNA-sequence organisation in the genome of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). Can. J. Biochem. 56, 257–263 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, K.: Genome size in mammals. Chromosoma 37, 85–93 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldacci, P., Royal, A., Cami, B., Perrin, F., Krust, A., Garapin, A., Kourilsky, P.: Isolation of the lysozyme gene of chicken. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 2667–2681 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldari, C. T., Amaldi, F.: DNA reassociation kinetics in relation to genome size in four amphibian species. Chromosoma 59, 13–22 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldari, C. T., Amaldi, F.: Length and interspersion of repetitive and non-repetitive DNA sequences in four amphibian species with different genome sizes. Chromosoma 61, 359–368 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baralle, F. E., Brownlee, G. G.: AUG is the only recognisable signal sequence in the 5′ non-coding regions of eukaryotic mRNA. Nature 274, 84–87 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, R. S., Pasternak, J., Straus, N. A.: Characterization of the genome of the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae: absense of short period interspersion. Biochemistry 18, 245–251 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, J. van den, van Ooyen, A., Mantei, N., Schamböck, A., Grosveld, G., Flavell, R. A., Weissmann, C.: Comparison of cloned rabbit and mouse β-globin genes showing strong evolutionary divergence of two homologous paris of introns. Nature 276, 37–44 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J. O., Freeman, K. B.: DNA sequences neighboring the duck hemoglobin genes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38, 707–716 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blobel, G.: A protein of molecular weight 78,000 bound to the polyadenylate region of eukaryotic messenger RNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 924–928 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonner, T. I., Brenner, D. J., Neufeld, B. R., Britten, R. J.: Reduction in the rate of DNA reassociation by sequence divergence. J. Mol. Biol. 81, 123–135 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Borchsenius, S. N., Belozerskaya, N. A., Merkulova, N. A., Wolfson, V. G., Vorob'ev, V. I.: Genome structure of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Chromosoma 69, 275–289 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bos, J. L., Heyting, C., Borst, P., Arnberg, A. C., van Bruggen, E. F. J.: An insert in the single gene for the large ribosomal RNA in yeast mitochondrial DNA. Nature 275, 336–338 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostock, C. J., Sumner, A. T.: The eukaryotic chromosome, pp. 50–58. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Boveri, T.: Über Differenzierung der Zellkerne während der Furchung des Eies von Ascaris megalocephala. Anat. Anz. 2, 688–693 (1887)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brack, C., Hirama, M., Lenhard-Schuller, R., Tonegawa, S.: A complete immunoglobulin gene is created by somatic recombination. Cell 15, 1–14 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Breathnach, R., Benoist, C., O'Hare, K., Gannon, F., Chambon, P.: Ovalbumin gene: evidence for a leader sequence in mRNA and DNA sequences at the exon-introm boundaries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4853–4857 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, M. E., Pavan, C.: Behaviour of polytene chromosomes of Rhynchosciara angelae at different stages of larval development. Chromosoma 7, 371–383 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Gene regulation for higher cells: a theory. Science 165, 349–357 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Repetitive and non-repetitive DNA sequences and a speculation on the origin of evolutionary novelty. Quart. Rev. Biol. 46, 111–138 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., Kohne, D. E.: Repeated sequences in DNA. Science 161, 529–540 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., Smith, J.: A bovine genome. Carnegie Institute Washington. Yearbook 68, 378–386 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., Graham, D. E., Neufeld, B. R.: Analysis of repeating DNA sequences by reassociation. Methods Enzymol. 29, 363–418 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., Graham, D. E., Eden, F. C., Painchaud, D. M., Davidson, E. H.: Evolutionary divergence and length of repetitive sequences in sea urchin DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 9, 1–23 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brykov, V. A., Vol'fson, V. G., Motrenko, E. G., Vorob'ev, V. I.: Unique and repetitive nucleotide sequences in genome of Echinodermata. I. Organization of nucleotide sequences of differing degrees of multiplicity in DNA of Echinodermata. Molek. Biol. (USSR) 12, 1299–1312 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Busslinger, M., Portmann, R., Birnstiel, M. L.: A regulatory sequence near the 3′ end of sea urchin histone genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 2997–3008 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Campo, M. S., Bishop, J. O.: Two classes of messenger RNA in cultured rat cells: repetitive sequence transcripts and unique sequence transcripts. J. Mol. Biol. 90, 649–663 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M., Brutlag, D.: One of the copia genes is adjacent to satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 15, 733–742 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Catterall, J. F., Stein, J. P., Lai, E. C., Woo, S. L. C., Dugaiczyk, A., Mace, M. L., Means, A. R., O'Malley, B. W.: The chick ovomuvoid gene contains at least six intervening sequences. Nature 278, 323–327 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavalier-Smith, T.: Nuclear volume control by nucleoskeletal DNA, selection for cell volume and cell growth rate, and the solution of the DNA C-value paradox. J. Cell Sci. 34, 247–278 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlin, M. E., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Sequence organization in Xenopus DNA studied by the electron microscope. J. Mol. Biol. 96, 317–333 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambon, P.: The molecular biology of the eukaryotic genome is coming of age. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42, 1209–1234 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhari, N., Craig, S. P.: The evolution of the long and short repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 562, 438–452 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, L. T., Gelinas, R. E., Broker, R., Roberts, R. J.: An amazing sequence arrangement at the 5′ ends of adenovirus 2 messenger RNA. Cell 12, 1–8 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, N. T., Skinner, D. M.: Interspersion of highly repetitive DNA with single copy DNA in the genome of the red crab, Geryon quinquedens. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 781–796 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochet, M., Gannon, F., Hen, R., Maroteaux, L., Perrin, F., Chambon, P.: Organisation and sequence studies of the 17-piece chicken conalbumin gene. Nature 282, 567–574 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, R. H., Kedes, L. H.: Nonallelic histone gene clusters of individual sea urchins (Lytechinus pictus): Mapping of homologies in coding and spacer DNA. Cell 18, 855–864 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, H. J., Hindley, J.: Cloning of human satellite III DNA: different components are on different chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 3177–3197 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordell, B., Bell, G., Tischer, E., De Noto, F. M., Ullrich, A., Pictet, R., Rutter, W. J., Goodman, H. M.: Isolation and characterization of a cloned rat insulin gene. Cell 18, 533–543 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Costantini, F. D., Scheller, R. H., Britten, R.J., Davidson, E. H.: Repetitive sequence transcripts in the mature sea urchin oocyte. Cell 15, 173–187 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crain, W. R., Eden, F. C., Pearson, W. R., Davidson, E. H., Britten, R.J.: Absence of short period interspersion of repetitive and non-repetitive sequences in the DNA of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma 56, 309–326 (1976a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crain, W. R., Davidson, E. H., Britten, R. J.: Contrasting patterns of DNA sequence arrangement in Apis mellifera (honeybee) and Musca domestica (housefly). Chromosoma 59, 1–12 (1976b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick, F.: Split genes and RNA splicing. Science 204, 262–271 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, J. E.: Implications of RNA-RNA splicing in evolutio of eukaryotic cells. Science 202, 1257–1260 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, J. E., Jelinek, W. R., Molloy, G. R.: Biogenesis of mRNA: genetic regulation in mammalian cells. Science 181, 1215–1221 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. H.: Sequence organization in the genome of Xenopus laevis. In: Genetic mechanisms of development, F. H. Ruddle (ed.), pp. 251–268. New York, London: Academic Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. H., Britten, R. J.: Organization, transcription, and regulation in the animal genome. Quart. Rev. Biol. 48, 565–613 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. H., Britten, R. J.: Regulation of gene expression: possible role of repetitive sequences. Science 204, 1052–1059 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. H., Hough, B. R., Amenson, C. S., Britten, R.J.: General interspersion of repetitive with non-repetitive sequence elements in the DNA of Xenopus. J. Mol. Biol. 77, 1–23 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. H., Galau, G. A., Angerer, R. C., Britten, R.J.: Comparative aspects of DNA organization in Metazoa. Chromosoma 51, 253–259 (1975a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. H., Hough, B. R., Klein, W. H., Britten, R. J.: Structural genes adjacent to interspersed repetitive DNA sequences. Cell 4, 217–238 (1975b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. H., Klein, W. H., Britten, R.J.: Sequence organisation in animal DNA and a speculation on hnRNA as a coordinate regulatory transcript. Dev. Biol 55, 69–84 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deininger, P. L., Schmid, C. W.: An electron microscope study of the DNA sequence organization of the human genome. J. Mol. Biol. 106, 773–790 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deininger, P. L., Schmid, C. W.: A study of the evolution of repeated DNA sequences in primates and the existence of a new class of repetitive sequences in primates. J. Mol. Biol. 127, 437–460 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, D. G., Baker, R. F.: Evidence for translocation of DNA sequences during sea urchin embryogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 5627–5630 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dina, D., Crippa, M., Beccari, E.: Hybridisation properties and sequence arrangement in a population of mRNAs. Nature New Biol. 242, 101–105 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dina, D., Meza, I., Crippa, M.: Relative positions of the ‘repetitive’, ‘unique’ and poly(A) fragments of mRNA. Nature 248, 486–490 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodgson, J. B., Strommer, J., Engel, J. D.: Isolation of the chicken β-globin gene and a linked embryonic β-like globin gene from a chicken DNA recombinant library. Cell 17, 879–887 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald, L. J., Hamerton, J. L.: A summary of the human gene map, 1973–1977. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 22, 5–11 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Doolittle, W. F.: Genes in pieces: were they ever together? Nature 272, 581–582 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dott, P. J., Chuang, C. R., Saunders, G. F.: Inverted repetitive sequences in the human genome. Biochemistry 15, 4120–4125 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eden, F. C., Hendrick, J.P.: Unusual organization of DNA sequences in the chicken. Biochemistry 17, 5838–5844 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eden, F. C., Graham, D. E., Davidson, E. H., Britten, R. J.: Exploration of long and short repetitive sequence relationships in the sea urchin genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 1553–1567 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Efstratiadis, A., Crain, W. R., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H., Kafatos, F. C.: DNA sequence organization in the lepidopteran Antheraea pernyi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 2289–2293 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Epplen, J.T., Leipoldt, M., Engel, W., Schmidtke, J.: DNA sequence organisation in avian genomes. Chromosoma 69, 307–321 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Epplen, J. T., Diedrich, U., Wagenmann, M., Schmidtke, J., Engel, W.: Contrasting DNA sequence organisation patterns in sauropsidian genomes. Chromosoma 75, 199–214 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, S. G., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Distinct single-copy sequence sets in sea urchin nuclear RNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 2209–2212 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiddes, J. C., Seeburg, P. H., DeNoto, F. M., Hallewell, R. A., Baxter, J. D., Goodman, H. M.: Structure of genes for human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4294–4298 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Firtel, R. A., Kindle, K.: Structural organisation of the genome of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum: Interspersion of repetitive and single-copy DNA sequences. Cell 5, 401–411 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, R. B., Smith, D. B.: Nucleotide sequence organisation in the wheat genome. Heredity 37, 231–252 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, R. B., Rimpau, J., Smith, D. B.: Repeated sequence DNA relationships in four cereal genomes. Chromosoma 63, 205–222 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Furuichi, Y., Morgan, M., Muthukrishnan, S., Shatkin, A. J.: Reovirus messenger RNA contains a methylated, blocked 5′-terminal structure: m7 G(5′)ppp(5′)Gm pCp-. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 362–366 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Galau, G. A., Chamberlin, M. E., Hough, B. R., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Evolution of repetitive and non-repetitive DNA. In: Molecular evolution. Ayala, F. J. (ed.), pp. 200–224. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Ass. 1976a

    Google Scholar 

  • Galau, G. A., Klein, W. H., Davis, M. M., Wold, B. J., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Structural gene sets active in embryos and adult tissues of the sea urchin. Cell 7, 487–505 (1976b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Galibert, F., Mandart, E., Fitoussi, F., Tiollais, P., Charnay, P.: Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli. Nature 281, 646–650 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, F., O'Hare, K., Perrin, F., LePennec, J. P., Benoist, C., Cochet, M., Breathnach, R., Royal, A., Garapin, A., Cami, B., Chambon, P.: Organisation and sequences at the 5′ end of a cloned complete ovalbumin gene. Nature 278, 428–434 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaskill, P., Kabat, D.: Unexpectedly large size of globin messenger ribonucleic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 72–75 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, W.: Starting and stopping sequences for the RNA polymerase. In: RNA polymerase. Losick, R., Chamberlin, M. (eds.), pp. 193–205. New York: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, W.: Why genes in pieces? Nature 271, 501 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, D.: Newly evolved repeated DNA sequences in primates. Science 196, 889–891 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginatulin, A. A., Ginatulina, L. K.: Molecular structure of genome of vertebrates. In: Evolutionary studies. Parallelism and convergence (Krassilov, V. A., ed.). Vladivostok 1979

  • Ginelli, E., Corneo, G.: The organization of repeated DNA sequences in the human genome. Chromosoma 56, 55–68 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginelli, E., Di Lernia, R., Corneo, G.: The organization of DNA sequences in the mouse genome. Chromosoma 61, 215–226 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Glätzer, K. H.: Lengths of transcribed rDNA repeating units in spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei: only genes without an intervening sequence are expressed. Chromosoma 75, 161–175 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, D. M., Hogness, D. S.: A novel arrangement of the 18S and 28S sequences in a repeating unit of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA. Cell 10, 167–176 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, R. B., Galau, G. A., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Nonrepetitive DNA sequence representation in sea urchin embryo messenger RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 3516–3520 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, R. B., Crain, W. R., Ruderman, J. V., Moore, G. P., Barnett, T. R., Higgins, R. C., Gelfand, R. A., Galau, G. A., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: DNA sequence organization in the genomes of five marine invertebrates. Chromosoma 51, 225–251 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, H. M., Olson, M. V., Hall, B. D.: Nucleotide sequence of a mutant eukaryotic gene: the yeast tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressor SUP4-o. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5453–5457 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, D. E., Neufeld, B. R., Davidson, E. H., Britten, R. J.: Interspersion of repetitive and non-repetitive DNA sequences in the sea urchin genome. Cell 1, 127–137 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. R., Perry, R. P.: Relative occurrence of polyadenylic acid sequences in messenger and heterogenous nuclear RNA of L cells as determined by poly(U)-hydroxylapatite chromatography. J. Mol. Biol. 72, 91–98 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagenbüchle, O., Santer, M., Steitz, J. A., Mans, R. J.: Conservation of the primary structure at the 3′ end of 18S rRNA from eukaryotic cells. Cell 13, 551–563 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, U., Lazarus, C. M., Lünsdorf, H., Küntzel, H.: Split gene for mitochondrial 24S ribosomal RNA of Neurospora crassa. Cell 17, 191–200 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harshey, R. M., Jayaram, M., Chamberlin, M. E.: DNA sequence organization in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Chromosoma 73, 143–151 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzfeld, F., Kiper, M.: Organization and function of the eukaryotic genome. Progr. Bot. 41, 198–211 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinegardner, R.: Evolution of genome size. In: Molecular evolution. Ayala, F. J. (ed.), pp. 179–199. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Ass. 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Honjo, T., Obata, M., Yamawaki-Kataoka, Y., Kataoka, T., Kawakami, T., Takahashi, N., Mano, Y.: Cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of mouse immunoglobulin γ1 chain gene. Cell 18, 559–568 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Houck, C. M., Rinehart, F. P., Schmid, C. W.: Fractionation of renatured repetitive human DNA according to thermal stability, sequence length, and renaturation rate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 518, 37–52 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudspeth, M. E. S., Timberlake, W. E., Goldberg, R. B.: DNA sequence organization in the water mold Achlya. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4332–4336 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huez, G., Marbaix, G., Hubert, E., Leclercq, M., Nudel, U., Soreq, H., Salomon, R., Lebleu, B., Revel, M., Littauer, U. Z.: Role of the polyadenylate segment in the translation of globin messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 3143–3146 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huez, G., Marbaix, G., Hubert, E., Cleuter, Y., Leclercq, M., Chantrenne, H., Devos, R., Soreq, H., Nudel, U., Littauer, U. Z.: Readenylation of polyadenylate-free globin messenger RNA restores its stability in vivo. Eur. J. Biochem. 59, 589–592 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., Monod, J.: Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagodzinski, L. L., Castro, C. E., Sherrod, P., Lee, D., Sevall, J. S.: Reassociation kinetics of non-histone bound DNA sites. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 3038–3044 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsrud, L.: Contacts between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and a lac operon promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 5314–5318 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K. W.: Spectilations on the functions of satellite DNA in evolution. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 69, 143–171 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedes, L. H.: Histone genes and histone messengers. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48, 837–870 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, A., Firtel, R. A.: A family of short, interspersed repeat sequences at the 5′ end of a set of Dictyostelium single-copy mRNAs. Cell 16, 787–796 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindle, K. L., Firtel, R. A.: Identification and analysis of Dictyostelium actin genes, a family of moderately repeated genes. Cell 15, 763–778 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindle, K. L., Firtel, R. A.: Evidence that populations of Dictyostelium single-copy mRNA transcripts carry common repeat sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 2403–2422 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • King, M.-C., Wilson, A. C.: Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188, 107–116 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinniburgh, A. J., Ross, J.: Processing of the mouse β-globin mRNA precursor: at least two cleavage-ligation reactions are necessary to excise the larger intervening sequence Cell 17, 915–921 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiper, M.: Gene numbers as measured by single-copy DNA saturation with mRNA are routinely overestimates. Nature 278, 279–280 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleene, K. C., Humphreys, T.: Similarity of hnRNA sequences in blastula and pluteus stage sea urchin embryo. Cell 12, 143–155 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, W. H., Murphy, W., Attardi, G., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Distribution of repetitive and non-repetitive sequence transcripts in HeLa mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 1785–1789 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Konkel, D. A., Tilghman, S. M., Leder, P.: The sequences of the chromosomal mouse β-globulin major gene: Homologies in capping, splicing and poly(A) sites. Cell 15, 1125–1132 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Konkel, D. A., Maizel, J. V., Leder, P.: The evolution and sequence comparison of two recently diverged mouse chromosomal β-globin genes. Cell 18, 865–873 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozak, M., Shatkin, A. J.: Identification of features in 5′ terminal fragments from reovirus mRNA which are important for ribosome binding. Cell 13, 201–212 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberg, H. M., Roberts, B. E., Efstratiadis, A.: The 3′ noncoding region of β-globin mRNA is not essential for in vitro translation. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 153–166 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krzyzek, R. A., Collett, M. S., Lau, A. F., Pardue, M. L., Leis, J. P., Faras, A. J.: Evidence for splicing of avian sarcoma virus 5′-terminal genomic sequences onto viral-specific RNA in infected cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1284–1288 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuroiwa, A., Natori, S.: Preferential expression of unique sequences adjacent to middle repetitive sequences in mouse cytoplasmic RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 7, 751–764 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawn, R. M., Fritsch, E. F., Parker, R. C., Blake, G., Maniatis, T.: The isolation and characterization of linked δ- and β-globin genes from a cloned library of human DNA. Cell 15, 1157–1174 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leder, A., Miller, H. I., Hamer, D. H., Seidman, J. G., Norman, B., Sullivan, M., Leder, P.: Comparison of cloned mouse α-and β-globin genes: Conservation of intervening sequence locations and extragenic homology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 6187–6191 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. S., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Interspersion of short repetitive sequences studied in cloned sea urchin DNA fragments. Science 196, 189–192 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Legler, M. K., Cohen, E. P.: Estimation of the number of nucleotide sequences in mouse DNA complementary to messenger RNAs specifying a complete mouse immunoglobulin. Biochemistry 15, 4390–4399 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, S., Sures, I., Kedes, L. H.: Sequence of the 5′-end of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus H2b histone mRNA and its location within histone DNA. Nature 279, 737–739 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, L., Canellakis, E. S.: Adenine-rich polymer associated with rabbit reticulocyte messenger RNA. Nature 227, 710–712 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomedico, P., Rosenthal, N., Efstratiadis, A., Gilbert, W., Kolodner, R., Tizard, R.: The structure and evolution of the two nonallelic rat preproinsulin genes. Cell 18, 545–558 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, E. O., Dawid, I. B.: Expression of ribosomal DNA insertion in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 18, 1185–1196 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandel, J. L., Breathnach, R., Gerlinger, P., Le Meur, M., Gannon, F., Chambon, P.: Organization of coding and intervening sequences in the chicken ovalbumin split gene. Cell 14, 641–653 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, J. E., Schmid, C. W., Davidson, N.: Interspersion of repetitive and nonrepetitive DNA sequences in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Cell 4, 141–155 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Margulis, L.: Origin of eukaryotic cells. New Haven, London: Yale University Press 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattern, M. R., Painter, R. B.: The organization of repeated nucleotide sequences in the replicons of mammalian DNA. Biophys. J. 19, 117–123 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklos, G. L. G., John, B.: Heterochromatin and satellite DNA in man: properties and prospects. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 31, 264–280 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, S., Macgregor, H. C.: Chromosomes, DNA sequences, and evolution in salamanders of the genus Plethodon. Chromosoma 48, 239–296 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, G. P., Scheller, R. H., Davidson, E. H., Britten, R. J.: Evolutionary change in the repetition frequency of sea urchin DNA sequences. Cell 15, 649–660 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, K. B., Roth, G. E.: Complexity of germline and somatic DNA in Ascaris. Nature 259, 55–57 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyzis, R., Bonnet, J., Ts'o, P. O. P.: DNA sequence organization of the syrian hamster. J. Cell Biol. 75, 130a (1977)

  • Nakanishi, S., Inoue, A., Kita, T., Nakamura, M., Chang, A. C. Y., Cohen, S. N., Numa, S.: Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for bovine corticotropin-β-lipotropin precursor. Nature 278, 423–427 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka, Y., Leder, P.: The complete sequence of a chromosomal mouse α-globin gene reveals elements conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Cell 18, 875–882 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom, J. L., Roop, D. R., Tsai, M.-J., O'Malley, B. W.: Identification of potential ovomucoid mRNA precursors in chick oviduct nuclei. Nature 278, 328–331 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohno, S.: Simplicity of mammalian regulatory systems inferred by single gene determination of sex phenotypes. Nature 234, 134–137 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ooyen, A. van, van den Berg, J., Mantel, N., Weissmann, C.: Comparison of total sequence of a cloned rabbit β-globin gene and its flanking regions with a homologous mouse sequence. Science 206, 337–344 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, W. R., Wu, J.-R., Bonner, J.: Analysis of rat repetitive RNA sequences. Biochemistry 17, 51–59 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, M., Manning, J., Davidson, N.: Sequence arrangement of the rDNA of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 10, 213–224 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, F., Cochet, M., Gerlinger P., Cami, B., Le Pennec, J. P., Chambon, P.: The chicken conalbumin gene: studies of the organization of cloned DNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 2731–2748 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. P.: Processing of RNA. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45, 605–629 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Plotch, S. J., Bouloy, M., Krug, R. M.: Transfer of 5′-terminal cap of globin mRNA to influenza viral complementary RNA during transcription in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 1618–1622 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pribnow, D: Nucleotide sequence of an RNA polymerase binding site at an early T7 promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 784–788 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Proudfoot, N. J., Brownlee, G. G.: Nucleotide sequence adjacent to polyadenylic acid in globin messenger RNA. FEBS Lett. 38, 179–183 (1974a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Proudfoot, N. J., Brownlee, G. G.: Sequence at the 3′ end of globin mRNA shows homology with immunoglobulin light chain mRNA. Nature 252, 359–362 (1974b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Proudfoot, N. J., Brownlee, G. G.: 3′ Non-coding region sequences in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Nature 263, 211–214 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabbits, T. H., Milstein, C.: Mouse immunoglobulin genes: studies on the reiteration frequency of light-chain genes by hybridisation procedures. Eur. J. Biochem. 52, 125–133 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastl, E., Dawid, I. B.: Expression of the mitochondrial genome in Xenopus laevis: a map of transcripts. Cell 18, 501–510 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawson, J. R. Y., Eckenrode, V. K., Boerma, C. L., Curtis, S.: DNA sequence organisation in the alga Euglena gracilis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 563, 1–16 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Remane, A., Storch, V., Welsch, U.: Systematische Zoologie. Stuttgart: Fischer 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Revel, M., Groner, Y.: Post-transcriptional and translational controls of gene expression in eukaryotes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47, 1079–1126 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimpau, J., Smith, D., Flavell, R.: Sequence organisation of the wheat and rye genomes by interspecies DNA/DNA hybridisation. J. Mol. Biol. 123, 327–359 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. S.: 5′ and 3′ terminal nucleotide sequences of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 3745–3757 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, G. E.: Satellite DNA properties of the germ line limited DNA and the organisation of the somatic genomes in the Nematodes Ascaris suum and Parascaris equorum. Chromosoma 74, 355–371 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Royal, A., Garapin, A., Cami, B., Perrin, F., Mandel, J. L., Le Meur, M., Brégégègre, F., Gannon, F., LePennec, J. P., Chambon, P., Kourilsky, P.: The ovalbumin gene region: common features in the organisation of three genes expressed in chicken oviduct under hormonal control. Nature 279, 125–132 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakano, H., Hüppi, K., Heinrich, G., Tonegawa, S.: Sequences at the somatic recombination sites of immunoglobulin light-chain genes. Nature 280, 288–294 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook, J.: Adenovirus amazes at Cold Spring Harbor. Nature 268, 101–104 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols, D., Swift, H.: Genomic organisation in the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata. Chromosoma 75, 129–143 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, T. D., Wu, J.-R., Sala-Trepat, J. M., Wallace, R. B., Reyes, A. A., Bonner, J.: The rat serum albumin gene: Analysis of cloned sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 3256–3260 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner, W., Kunz, G., Daetwyler, H., Telford, J., Smith, H. O., Birnstiel, M. L.: Genes and spacers of cloned sea urchin histone DNA analyzed by sequencing. Cell 14, 655–671 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheller, R. A., Costantini, F. D., Kozlowski, M. R., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Specific representation of cloned repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchin RNAs. Cell 15, 189–203 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, G. E. F., Walkinshaw, M. D., Arnott, S.: A computer aided oligonucleotide analysis provides a model sequence for RNA polymerase-promoter recognition in E. coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 5, 3759–3773 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, C. W., Deininger, P. L.: Sequence organisation of the human genome. Cell 6, 345–358 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, C. W., Manning, J. E., Davidson, N.: Inverted repeat sequences in the Drosophila genome. Cell 5, 159–172 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidtke, J., Epplen, J. T., Engel, W.: Genome analysis of Amphioxus and speculation as to the origin of contrasting vertebrate genome organisation patterns. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63 B, 455–458 (1979a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidtke, J., Schmitt, E., Leipoldt, M., Engel, W.: Amount of repeated and non-repeated DNA in the genomes of closely related fish species with varying genome sizes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 64B, 117–120 (1979b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidtke, J., Schmitt, E., Matzke, E., Engel, W.: Non-repetitive DNA sequence divergence in phylogenetically diploid and tetraploid teleostean species of the family Cyprinidae and the order Isospondyli. Chromosoma 75 185–198 (1979c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schochetman, G., Perry, R. P.: Early appearance of histone messenger RNA in polyribosomes of cultured L cells. J. Mol. Biol. 63, 591–596 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shatkin, A. J.: Capping of eukaryotic mRNAs. Cell 9, 645–653 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, L., Purdom, I. F., Jones, K. W.: Satellite DNA and evolution of sex chromosomes. Chromosoma 59, 43–62 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sippel, A. E., Stavrianopoulos, J. G., Schütz, G., Feigelson, P.: Translational properties of rabbit globin mRNA after specific removal of poly(A) with ribonuclease H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4635–4639 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. O.: Nucleotide sequence specificity of restriction endonucleases. Science 205, 455–462 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. J., Boal, R.: DNA sequence organisation in the common Pacific starfish Pisaster ochraceous. Can. J. Biochem. 56, 1048–1054 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smithies, O., Blechl, A. E., Denniston-Thompson, K., Newell, N., Richards, J. E., Slightom, J. L., Tucker, P. W., Blattner, F. R.: Cloning human fetal γ-globin and mouse α-type globin DNA: characterization and partial sequencing. Science 202, 1284–1289 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Soreq, H., Harpold, M., Evans, R., Darnell, J. E., Bancroft, F. C.: Rat growth hormone gene: intervening sequences separate the mRNA regions. Nucleic Acids Res. 6, 2471–2482 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Steitz, J. A., Jakes, K.: How ribosomes select initiator regions in mRNA: base pair formation between the 3′ terminus of 16S rRNA and the mRNA during initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 4734–4738 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Strom, C. M., Moscona, M., Dorfman, A.: Amplification of DNA sequences during chicken cartilage and neural retina differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4451–4454 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, K. N.: Segments of simian virus 40 DNA spanning most of the leader sequence of the major late viral messenger RNA are dispensable. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 2556–2560 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sures, I., Maxam, A., Cohn, R. H., Kedes, L. H.: Identification and location of the histone H2A and H3 genes by sequence analysis of sea urchin (S. purpuratus) DNA cloned in E. coli. Cell 9, 495–502 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sures, I., Lowry, J., Kedes, L. H.: The DNA sequence of sea urchin (S. purpuratus) H2A, H2B and H3 histone coding and spacer regions. Cell 15, 1033–1044 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W. F.: Perspectives on the evolution of plant DNA. Carnegie Institute Washington Yearbook 77, 310–316 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilghman, S. M., Tiemeier, D. C., Seidman, J. G., Peterlin, B. M., Sullivan, M., Maizel, J. V., Leder, P.: Intervening sequence of DNA identified in the structural portion of a mouse β-globin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 725–729 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilghman, S. M., Kioussis, D., Gorin, M. B., Ruiz, J. P. G., Ingram, R. S.: The presence of intervening sequences in the α-fetoprotein gene of the mouse. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 7393–7399 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Timberlake, W. E.: Low repetitive DNA content in Aspergillus nidulans. Science 202, 973–975 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonegawa, S., Maxam, A. M., Tizard, R., Bernard, O., Gilbert, W.: Sequence of a mouse germ-line gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1485–1489 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto, Y., Suzuki, Y.: Structural analysis of the fibroin gene at the 5′ end and its surrounding regions. Cell 16, 425–436 (1979a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto, Y., Suzuki, Y.: The DNA sequence of Bombyx mori fibroin gene including the 5′ flanking, mRNA coding, entire intervening and fibroin protein coding regions. Cell 18, 591–600 (1979b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, P., Venegas, A., Weinberg, F., Bishop, R., Rutter, W. J.: Structure of yeast phenylalanine-tRNA genes: an intervening DNA segment within the region coding for the tRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 190–194 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, P., Gray, P., Quiroga, M., Zaldivar, J., Goodman, H. M., Rutter, W. J.: Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the major protein of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Nature 280, 815–819 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, F., Motulsky, A. G.: Human genetics: Problems and approaches. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1979

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, C.-M., Moss, B.: 5′-terminal capping of RNA by guanylyltransferase from HeLa cell nuclei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3758–3761 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., Dawid, I. B.: The structural organization of ribosomal DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 10, 193–212 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, R., Royer, H.-D., Hollenberg, C. P.: Non-Xenopus-like DNA sequence organisation in the Chironomus tentans genome. Mol. Gen. Genet. 147, 45–51 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wensink, P. C., Tabata, S., Pachl, C.: The clustered and scrambled arrangement of moderately repetitive elements in Drosophila DNA. Cell 18, 1231–1246 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. L., Hogness, D. S.: R loop mapping of the 18S and 28S sequences in the long and short repeating units of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA. Cell 10, 177–192 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkes, M. M., Pearson, W. R., Wu, J.-R., Bonner, J.: Sequence organisation of the rat genome by electron microscopy. Biochemistry 17, 60–69 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, R., Crossley, J., Humphries, S.: Translation of mouse globin messenger ribonucleic acid from which the poly(adenylic acid) sequence has been removed. Biochemistry 13, 703–707 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimpee, C. F., Rawson, J. R. Y.: Characterization of the nuclear genome of pearl millet. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 562, 192–206 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wold, B. J., Klein, W. H., Hough-Evans, B. R., Britten, R. J., Davidson, E. H.: Sea urchin embryo mRNA sequences expressed in the nuclear RNA of adult tissues. Cell 14, 941–950 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Woo, S. L. C., Dugaiczyk, A., Tsai, M.-J., Lai, E. C., Catterall, J. F., O'Malley, B. W.: The ovalbumin gene: cloning of the natural gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3688–3692 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J.-R., Pearson, W. R., Posakony, J. W., Bonner, J.: Sequence relationship between long and short repetitive DNA of the rat: A preliminary report. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4382–4386 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziff, E. B., Evans, R. M.: Coincidence of the promoter and capped 5′ terminus of RNA from the adenovirus 2 major late transcription unit. Cell 15, 1463–1475 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. J. T. Epplen

    Present address: Division of Biology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Humangenetik der Universität, Nikolausberger Weg 5a, D-3400, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany

    J. Schmidtke & J. T. Epplen

Authors
  1. J. Schmidtke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. T. Epplen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schmidtke, J., Epplen, J.T. Sequence organization of animal nuclear DNA. Hum. Genet. 55, 1–18 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329120

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329120

Keywords

Search

Navigation