Abstract
The chromosome complements of sporadic males and masculinized females of the thelytokous phasmid Carausius morosus Br. could be analysed in spermatogonia and ovarian follicle cells. Masculinized females with ovaries, ovotestes or testes have the female chromosome number, i.e., 61 autosomes and three sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes, one being longer than the other two, are metacentric. In one masculinized female with testes the three sex chromosomes were different, apparently through a reciprocal translocation. The masculinized females are considered to be intersexes (phenotypic sex determination). The chromosome complement of males differs from that of females by lacking either one of the sex chromosomes or only a segment of one of these chromosomes (genotypic sex determination). The deleted sex chromosomes appear as acrocentrics and may have arisen through a chiasma between a translocated segment in one sex chromosome and its untransposed homologous region in another sex chromosome. One apparently telocentric sex chromosome may have originated from centric fission together with loss of the other arm. The sex chromosomes are positively heteropycntoic in the psermatogonia, also in those of masculinized females. En bloc heterochromatinization of the sex chromosomes, which seems to be under the direct or indirect control of one or more sites on the sex chromosomes themselves, functions in sex determination. The sex determination does not give a decisive answer to the question whether di-, tri-, or tetraploidy is involved.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bacci, G.: Sex determination. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1965
Bergérard, J.: Intersexualité expérimentale chez Carausius morosus Br. (Phasmidae). Bull. biol. Fr. Belg. 95, 273–300 (1961a)
Bergérard, J.: Analyse de la période sensible à la température pour la différenciation sexuelle de Carausius morosus Br.(Phasmidae). C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 253, 2149–2151 (1961b)
Bergérard, J.: Parthenogenesis in the Phasmidae. Endeavour 21, 137–143 (1962)
Bergérard, J.: Ambisexualité et intersexualité chez les insectes. Ann. Biol. 6, 259–269 (1967)
Brown, S.W., Chandra, H.S.: Chromosome imprinting and the differential regulation of homologous chromosomes. In: Cell Biology, Vol. 1, Genetic mechanisms of cells (L. Goldstein, D.M. Prescott eds.), PP. 109–189. New York: Academic Press 1977
Cappe de Baillon, P.: Recherches sur la tératologie des insectes II. La descendance des monstres de Phasmides. Encyclopédie Entomol. 14, Paris: Lechevalier Ed. 1931
Cattanach, B.M.: Control of chromosome inactivation. Ann. rev. Genet. 9, 1–18 (1975)
Craddock, E.: Chromosomal diversity in the australian Phasmatodea, Aust. J. Zool. 20, 445–462 (1972)
Hughes-Schrader, S.: Reversion of XO to XY sex chromosome mechanism in a phasmid. Chromosoma (Berl.) 3, 52–65 (1947)
Hughes-Schrader, S.: On the cytotaxonomy of phasmids (Phasmatodea). Chromosoma (Berl.) 10, 268–277 (1959)
Koch, P., Pijnacker, L.P., Kreke J.: DNA reduplication during meiotic prophase in the oocytes of Carausius morosus Br. (Insecta, Cheleutoptera). Chromosoma (Berl.) 36, 313–321 (1972)
Lewis, K.R., John, B.: The chromosomal basis of sex determination. Int. Rev. Cytol. 23, 277–379 (1968)
L'Hélias, C., J. Boulanger-Sandrin: Influence des ptérines réduites et de l'hormone juvenile sur l'intersexualité du phasme Carausius morosus. Ann. Endocr. (Paris) 37, 189–195 (1976)
Mosbacher, G.C.: Sex specific cell differentiation in different types of intersexes of Lymantria dispar. In: Intersexuality in the animal kingdom (R. Reinboth ed.), pp. 146–157. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1975
Nur, U.: Localized euchromatinization of the X chromosome during spermatogenesis in the grasshopper Melanoplus femur-rubrim. Chromosoma (Berl.) 69, 219–229 (1978)
Pijnacker, L.P.: The cytology, sex determination and parthenogenesis of Carausius morosus (Br.). Thesis, University of Groningen 1964
Pijnacker, L.P.: The maturation divisions of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus Br. (Orthoptera, Phasmidae). Chromosoma (Berl.) 19, 99–112 (1966a)
Pijnacker, L.P.: Effect of centrifugation of the eggs on the sex of Carausius morosus Br. Nature (Lond.) 210, 1184–1185 (1966b)
Pijnacker, L.P.: Effects of X-rays on different meiotic stages of oocytes in the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus Br. Mutation Res. 13, 251–262 (1971)
Pijnacker, L.P., Harbott, J.: Structural heterozygosity and aneuploidy in the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus Br. (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae). Chromosoma (Berl.) 76, 165–174 (1980)
Pijnacker, L.P., Koch, P.: Complete and incomplete extra DNA reduplication during spermatogenesis of Carausius morosus Br. (Insecta, Phasmida). Chromosoma (Berl.) 49, 269–278 (1975)
Seiler, J.: Sexuality as developmental process. Proc. XIth. Int. Genet. Congress, The Hague 2, 199–207 (1965)
Seiler, J.: Intersexuality in Solenobia triquetrella F.R.and Lymantria dispar L. (Lepid.). Questions of determination. Monitore Zool. Ital. (N.S.) 3, 185–212 (1969)
Stern, C.: Synthesis. Proc. XIth. Int. Genet. Congress, The Hague 2, 221–226 (1965)
White, M.J.D.: Animal cytology and evolution, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1973
White, M.J.D.: Phasmatodea. In: Animal cytogenetics, Vol. 3: Insecta 2 (5) (B. John ed.), pp. 34–68. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger 1976
Wilbert, H.: Normales und experimentell beeinflusstes Auftreten von Männchen und Gynandromorphen der Stabheuschrecke. Zool. Jahrb., Physiol. 64, 470–495 (1953)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pijnacker, L.P., Ferwerda, M.A. Sex chromosomes and origin of males and sex mosaics of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus Br.. Chromosoma 79, 105–114 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328476
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328476