References
Altar CA, Boyar WC, Wasley A, Gerhardt SC, Liebman JM, Wood PL (1988) Dopamine neurochemical profile of atypical antipsychotics resembles that of D-1 antagonists. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 338:162–168
Andén N-E (1972) Dopamine turnover in the corpus striatum and the limbic system after treatment with neuroleptic and anti-acetylcholine drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 24:905–906
Andén N-E, Stock G (1973) Effect of clozapine on the turnover of dopamine in the corpus striatum and in the limbic system. J Pharm Pharmacol 25:346–348
Andén N-E, Corrodi H, Fuxe K, Ungerstedt U (1971) Importance of nervous impulse flow for the neuroleptic induced increase in amine turnover in central dopamine neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 15:193–199
Andersen PH, Nielsen EB, Gronvold FC, Braestrup C (1986) Some atypical neuroleptics inhibit [3H]SCH 23390 binding in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 120:143–144
Asher SW, Aminoff MJ (1981) Tetrabenazine and movement disorders. Neurology 31:1051–1054
Asper H, Baggiolini HR, Burki HR, Lauener H, Ruch W, Stille G (1973) Tolerance phenomena with neuroleptics, catalepsy, apomorphine stereotypies and striatal dopamine metabolism in the rat after single and repeated administration of loxapine and haloperidol. Eur J Pharmacol 22:287–294
Atkinson JH (1989) Psychopharmacological agents in the treatment of pain syndromes. In Tollison CD (ed) Handbook of chronic pain management. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 69–103
Baldessarini RJ (1985) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad F (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McMillan, New York, pp 387–445
Barasi S, Duggal KN (1985) The effect of local and systemic application of dopaminergic agents on the tail flick latency in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 117:287–294
Björklund A, Lindvall O (1984) Dopamine-containing systems in the CNS. In: Björklund A, Hökfelt T (eds) Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 55–122
Boyson SJ, McGonigle P, Luthin GR, Wolfe BB, Molinoff PB (1988) Effects of chronic administration of neuroleptic and anticholinergic agents on densities of D2 dopamine and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244:987–993
Carlsson A, Lindqvist M (1963) Effect of chlorpromazine or haloperidol on formation of 3-methoxytyramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacol 20:140–144
Chiodo LA, Bunney BS (1983) Typical and atypical neuroleptics: differential effects of chronic administration on the activity of A9 and A10 midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 3:1607–1619
Chiodo LA, Bunney BS (1985) Possible mechanisms by which repeated clozapine administration differentially affects the activity of two subpopulations of midbrain dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 5:2539–2544
Chipkin RE, Latranyi MB (1987) Similarity of clozapine and SCH 23390 in reserpinized rats suggests a common mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol 136:371–375
Clow A, Jenner P, Theodorou A, Marsden CD (1979) Striatal dopamine receptors become supersensitive while rats are given trifluoperazine for six months. Nature 278:59–61
Dichgans J, Brinkmann A (1988) Dystonien and Athetosen. In: Brandt T, Dichgans J, Diener HC (eds) Therapie und Verlauf Neurologischer Erkrankungen. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, pp 728–740
Fahn S (1973) Treatment of choreic symptoms with perphenazine. Adv Neurol 23:281–289
Fahn S, Marsden CD (1987) The treatment of dystonia. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S (eds) Movement disorders 2. Butterworths, London, pp 359–382
Fibiger HC, Lloyd KG (1984) Neurobiological substrates of tardive dyskinesia: the GABA hypothesis. Trends Neurosci 7:462–464
Girotti F, Carella F, Scigliano G, Grassi MP, Soliveri P, Giovannini P, Parati E, Caraceni T (1984) Effect of neuroleptic treatment on involuntary movements and motor performances in Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47:848–852
Goetz CG, Klawans HL (1982) Controversies in animal models of tardive dyskinesia. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S (eds) Movement disorders. Butterworths, London, pp 263–276
Gomez-Perez FJ, Riell JA, Dies H, Rodriguez-Rivera JG, Gonzalez-Barranco J, Lozano-Castaneda O (1985) Nortryptiline and fluphenazine in the symptomatic treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A double-blind cross-over study. Pain 23:395–400
Groves PM, Wilson CJ, Young SJ, Rebec GV (1975) Self-inhibition by dopaminergic neurons. Science 190:522–529
Haase HJ (1961) Das therapeutische Achsensyndrom neuroleptischer Medikamente und seine Beziehungen zu extrapyramidaler Motorik. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 29:245–268
Heimer L (1983) The human brain and spinal cord. Springer, New York Berlin Heidelberg
Idänpään-Heikkila J, Alhava A, Olkinnora M, Palva IP (1977) Agranulocytosis during treatment with clozapine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 11:193–198
Kebadian JW, Agui T, Oene JC van, Shigematsu K, Saavedra JM (1986) The D1 dopamine receptor: new perspectives. Trends Pharmacol Sci 7:96–99
Klockgether T, Schwarz M, Turski L, Ikonomidou-Turski C, Ossowska K, Heim C, Turski WA, Wüllner U, Sontag K-H (1987) Neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia: their role for the regulation of muscle tone. In: Carpenter MB, Jayaraman A (eds) The basal ganglia II. Plenum Press, New York, pp 185–202
Lane RF, Blaha CD (1988) Effects of chronic neuroleptic administration on nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopamine release: analysis using in vivo voltammetry. Ann NY Acad Sci 537:481–483
Langohr HD, Stöhr M, Petruch F (1982) An open and double-blind cross-over study on the efficacy of clomipramine (Anafranil) in patients with painful mono- and polyneuropathies. Eur Neurol 2:309–317
Marsden CD, Tarsy D, Baldessarini RJ (1975) Spontaneous and drug-induced movement disorders in psychotic patients. In: Benson DF, Blumer D (eds) Psychiatric aspects of neurological diseases. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 219–265
Meltzer HY, Bastani B, Ramirez L, Matsubara S (1989) Clozapine: new research on efficacy and mechanism of action. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 238:332–339
Monks R, Merskey H (1989) Psychotropic drugs. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (eds) Textbook of pain. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 702–721
Pakkenberg H, Fog R (1974) Spontaneous oral dykinesia. Arch Neurol 31:352–353
Penney JP, Young AB (1986) Striatal inhomogeneities and basal ganglia function. Mov Disord 1:3–15
Quinn N, Marsden CD (1984) A double blind trial of sulpiride in Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47:844–847
Reiner A, Albin RL, Anderson KD, D'Amato CJ, Penney JP, Young AB (1988) Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5733–5737
Richelson E (1988) Neuroleptic binding to human brain receptors: relation to clinical effects. Ann NY Acad Sci 537:435–442
Rupniak NMJ, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1986) Acute dystonia induced by neuroleptic drugs. Psychopharmacology 88:403–419
Sayers AC, Bürki HR, Ruch W, Asper H (1976) Anticholinergic properties of antipsychotic drugs and their relation of extrapyramidal side effects. Psychopharmacology 51:15–22
Scholz E, Dichgans J (1985) Treatment of drug-induced exogenous psychosis in parkinsonism with clozapine and fluperlapine. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 235:60–64
Schott K, Ried S, Stevens I, Dichgans J (1989) Neuroleptically induced dystonia in Huntington's disease: a case report. Eur Neurol 29:39–40
Schumm F, Dichgans J, Zeller E (1981) Spontane orale Dyskinesien. Erfolgreiche Therapie mit Tetrabenazin (Nitoman). Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 230:315–323
Seeman P, Lee T, Chau-Wong M, Wong K (1976) Antipsychotic drug dosis and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature 261:717–719
Sigwald J, Bouttier D, Caille F (1959) Le traitement du zone et des algies zostériennes. Etude des résultats obtenus avec le lévomépromazine. Thérapie 14:818–824
Spokes EGS (1980) Neurochemical alterations in Huntington's disease. A study of post-mortem brain tissue. Brain 103:179–210
Taub A (1973) Relief of postherpetic neuralgia with psychotropic drugs. J Neurosurg 39:235–239
Weiner N (1985) Drugs that inhibit adrenergic nerves and block adrenergic receptors. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad F (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McMillan, New York, pp 181–221
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Klockgether, T., Dichgans, J. Do neuroleptic drugs still have a place in neurological therapy?. J Neurol 237, 221–225 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00314622
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00314622