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Diagnostic significance of nerve cells in human CSF with particular reference to CSF cytology in the brain death syndrome

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Summary

Cytological examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 5 cases of the brain death syndrome treated on a respirator revealed the presence of nerve cells (mostly Purkinje cells), massive pleocytosis with many polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and numerous macrophages containing erythrocytes, leukocytes, lipid droplets, and hemosiderin. Portions of connective tissue with well preserved capillaries, and debris which could not be more closely identified, were also found.

Neuropathological examination in 4 cases revealed progressive autolysis of brain tissue and displacement of the autolyzed tissue into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal, partly due to tonsillar herniation. All five patients exhibited clinical signs of brain death and had been placed on respirators for various periods of time.

The cytological findings in the CSF, together with the clinical signs of brain death, constitute an intravital morphological indication of brain tissue autolysis.

Zusammenfassung

Bei der zytologischen Untersuchung des Liquor cerebrospinalis (Sedimentkammerverfahren) fanden sich in fünf Fällen mit intravitalem Hirntod unter Respiratorbehandlung spezifische pathologische Zellbildveränderungen: Das gemeinsame zytologische Merkmal bestand im Auftreten von Nervenzellen (meist Purkinje-Zellen), in einer massiven Pleozytose mit vielen polymorphkernigen Leukozyten und einer extremen Makrophagenreaktion mit Phagozyten, die Erythrozyten, Leukozyten, Fetttröpfchen sowie Hämosiderin enthielten. Es fanden sich auch Bindegewebsstücke mit gut erhaltenen Kapillaren, daneben Detritus, der nicht mehr näher zu identifizieren war. Die neuropathologische Untersuchung von vier Fällen zeigte eine fortgeschrittene Autolyse des Hirngewebes und in den Subarachnoidalraum des Rückenmarks verlagertes erweichtes Hirngewebe. Alle fünf Patienten waren unter den klinischen Zeichen des Hirntodes unterschiedlich lange am Respirator angeschlossen gewesen. Die beschriebenen zytologischen Befunde im Liquor bei den klinischen Zeichen des Hirntodes weisen als morphologisches Äquivalent — intra vitam — auf die Erweichung von Hirngewebe hin.

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Sayer, H., Wiethölter, H., Oehmichen, M. et al. Diagnostic significance of nerve cells in human CSF with particular reference to CSF cytology in the brain death syndrome. J Neurol 225, 109–117 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00313324

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