Abstract
Bulk precipitation and bulk throughfall was collected during the period September to November 1984 in a Danish spruce forest. Samples were analyzed for all major anions and cations as well as strong and total acidity. The acid load to the forest ecosystem was estimated adding the throughfall fluxes of protons (79 eq ha−1mo−1), ammonium (99 eq ha−1mo−1) and a calculated estimate oflthe protons buffered by exchange processes in the canopy (75 eq ha−1 mo−1). This is still a minimum estimate but it exceeds the proton load determined by pH measurement in bulk throughfall and bulk precipitation by factors 3 and 6, respectively. Throughfall fluxes of all major cations and anions except ammonium decreased with distance from the trunk.
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Freiesleben, N.E.v., Ridder, C. & Rasmussen, L. Patterns of acid deposition to a Danish spruce forest. Water Air Soil Pollut 30, 135–141 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305182
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305182