Summary
Among the types of horizontal cells of the avian retina, one has been described that has an axon terminating, in a typical structure. The present study analyses the histogenesis of this axon whose initial outgrowth occurs on day 14 of incubation (HH-40). The axon terminal is first detectable, towards day 15 of incubation (HH-41), in the form of a varicose thickening possessing short filopodia. The formation of the axon and the growth of the axon terminal is coincident with a retraction of the perikaryal process. The axon usually originates from one of the pricipal dendrites and in these stages shows short and fine filopodia throughout its length. From day 16 onwards (synaptic) spines may be distinguished, both in the dendritic field and on the axon terminal. The growth of the axon, in the phase when the axon terminal still has not formed, may exhibit deflections and deviations in its course, the possible cause and mechanism of which are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altman J (1971) Coated vesicles and synaptogenesis. A developmental study in the cerebellar cortex of the rat. Brain Res 30:311–322
Appel S (1975) Neuronal recognition and synaptogenesis. Exp Neurol 48:52–74
Armengol JA, Prada F, Genis-Galvez JM (1980) Vesiculas cubiertas (coated vesicles) en la retina del embrión de pollo. Un primer estadio sinaptogenico. Morfologia Normal y Patologica. Sección A vol 3:707–711
Colonnier M (1964) The tangential organization of visual cortex. J Anat (London) 98:327–344
Gallego A (1975) Células horizontales de la retina de los vertebrados. Real academia Nacional de Medicina. Madrid
Gallego A (1976) Comparative study of the horizontal cells in the vertebrate retina. Mammals and Birds. 26. In Neural Principles in Vision. Zetter F, Weiler R (eds) pp 26–62, Springer-Verlag Berlin
Gallego A (1978) Mecanismos neurales de adaptación visual a nivel de la capa plexiforme externa de la retina. Serie Universitaria de la Fundación. Juan March 52, pp 62 Madrid
Génis-Gálvez JM, Prada F, Armengol JA (1979) Evidence of three cell types of horizontal cells in the chick retina. Jap J Ophthal 23:378–387
Greene LA (1974) The use of α-bungarotoxin to probe acetylcholine receptors on sympathetic neurons in cell culture. In: Schmitt FO, Worden FG (eds) Neuroscience: Third Study Program. pp 765–771 M.I.T. Press Cambridge USA
Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J Morphol 88:49–92
Hinds J, Hinds P (1979) Differentiation of photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the embryonic mouse retina: An electron microscopic serial section analysis. J Comp Neurol 187:495–512
Hughes W, LaVelle A (1974) On the synaptogenic sequence in the chick retina. Anat Rec 179:297–302
Kolb H (1977) The organization of the outer plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations. J Neurocytol 6:131–153
Lopresti V, Macagno E, Levinthal C (1973) Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: Cellular interactions in the development of the optic lamina in Daphnia Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:433–45
Mariani A, Leure Du-Pree A (1977) Horizontal cells of the pigeon retina. J Comp Neurol 175:13–26
Meller K (1964) Elektronenmikroskopische Befunde zur Differenzierung der Receptorzellen und bipolar Zellen der Retina und ihrer Synaptischen Verbindungen. Z Zellforsch 64:733–750
Privat A, Drian M, Mandon P (1973) The outgrowth of rat cerebellum in organized culture. Z Zellforsch 146:45–67
Ramon y Cajal S (1889) Sur la morphologie et les connexions des elements de la retine des oiseaux. Anat Anz 4:111–121
Ramon y Cajal S (1893) La retine des vértebrés. La Cellule 9:121–246
Ramon y Cajal S (1952) Histologie du systeme nerveux de l'homme et des vértebrés, Vol I (1909). Re-edited by Instituto Ramon y Cajal Madrid
Ramon y Cajal S (1919) La desorientación inicial de las neuronas retinianas de axón corto. Trab Inst Cajal Invest biol (Madrid) XVII pp 64–86
Seeds N, Grilman T, Amano T, Nirenberg M (1970) Regulation of axon formation by clonal lines of a neural tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 66:160–167
Sheffield J, Fishman D (1970) Intercellular, junctions in the developing neural retina of the chick embryo. Z Zellforsch 104:405–418
Stensaas L (1967) The development of hippocampal and dorsolateral pallial regions of the cerebral hemisphere in fetal rabbits. J Comp Neurol 129:59–70
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This study was carried out with the aid of grants from the Comision Asesora de Investigación Cientifica y Técnica
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Génis-Gálvez, J.M., Garcia-Lomas, V., Prada, F. et al. Developmental study of axon formation in the horizontal neurons of the retina of the chick embryo. Anat Embryol 161, 319–327 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301829
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301829