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Changing surgical education strategies in an environment of changing health care delivery systems

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Abstract

Emerging changes in health care delivery will have a significant impact on the structure of surgical education in academic departments of surgery. Based on some assumptions as to the probable nature of the final product of this reform, this article encourages a proactive stance by surgical educators to anticipate changes and move toward restructuring in areas of curricular content, the teaching process, performance evaluation strategies, and faculty infrastructure of the academic department. Curriculum changes must bridge the gap between public health and medicine and continue the aggressive trend toward teaching in the outpatient setting. Surgical educators must adapt to evolving computer and instructional technology that will make multimedia presentations, distance education, teleconferencing, hypermedia, and virtual reality commonplace in the teaching setting. Increased emphasis on accountability and accreditation will require stringent criteria in performance and program evaluation methodology. The academic infrastructure will need to adapt to the changing goal of training more general surgeons and fewer specialists and yet maintain the fundamental responsibility of an academic surgeon for mentoring the medical student and surgical resident.

Résumé

Les changements actuels dans l'administration des soins vont avoir un impact important sur l'enseignement de la chirurgie dans les services de Chirurgie Universitaire. Basé sur quelques présomptions sur la forme finale de la réforme en cours, cet article encourage les enseignants futurs à anticiper ces changements et à commencer dès à présent une restructuration du programme, de l'enseignement, des stratégies d'évaluation et de l'infrastructure des services Universitaires. Le programme doit combler l'écart actuel entre les services de Santé publique et de Médecine et continue d'enseigner la prise en charge des patients dès la consultation. Les enseignants doivent s'adapter à la technologie informatique qui permet entre outre de réaliser les présentations multimédiatiques, le télé-enseignement, la téléconférence, l'hypermédiatique et la réalité virtuelle. On insiste aussi sur l'accréditation qui demande une méthodologie stricte d'évaluation et de contrôle de réalisation. L'infrastructure académique a besoin d'orienter ces objectifs vers la formation de moins de spécialistes et de plus de chirurgiens généraux. Elle doit avoir maintenir le principe fondamental d'un chirurgien académique responsable de la formation des étudiants et des résidents en chirurgie.

Resumen

Los emergentes cambios en los sistemas de atención de la salud han tenido un significativo impacto sobre la estructura de la educación quirúrgica en los departamentos académicos de cirugía. Con base en algunas suposiciones en lo referente a la probable naturaleza final del producto de esta reforma, el presente artículo estimula a los educadores quirúrgicos a tomar una posición activa con miras a definir los cambios por venir y a iniciar la reestructuración de diversos aspectos del contenido curricular, del proceso de enseñanza, de las metodologías de evaluación del rendimiento y de la infraestructura académica de los departamentos ruirúrgicos. Los cambios curriculares deben eliminar la brecha entre la salud pública y la medicina y mantener una decidida tendencia hacia la enseñanza en los escenarios de consulta externa. Los educadores quirúrgicos deben adaptarse para asumir las teconologías de computación y los nuevos métodos de instrucción que comprenden sistemas multimedia, educación a distancia, teleconferencias, hipermedia y realidad virtual, en tal forma que se conviertan en lo usual en el contexto educativo. El mayor énfasis sobre responsabilidad auditada y acreditación demanda estrictos criterios en las metodologías de ejecución y de evaluación de programas. La infraestructura académica deberá adaptarse a los cambiantes objectivos de adiestrar un mayor número de cirujanos generales y menos especialistas, y, sin embargo, preservando la responsabilidad fundamental del cirujano académico en cuanto a la tutoría del estudiante de medicina y del residente quirúrgico.

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Dunnington, G.L., DaRosa, D.A. Changing surgical education strategies in an environment of changing health care delivery systems. World J. Surg. 18, 734–737 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298919

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