Abstract
This study empirically examined the relationship between the expletives, “bitch” and “bastard,” and sex-role stereotyping. The expletives were rated by 68 men and 68 women on 80 trait adjectives as to how typical or characteristic each trait was of the stereotypic bitch or bastard in our society. The sex-role implications of the 10 trait terms judged most characteristic of each expletive were then examined. For male subjects, the most distinguishing feature between the two expletives was the inclusion of the stereotypically masculine trait “dominant,” in their characterization of bitch. Female subjects, on the other hand, did not ascribe such opposite sex-role stereotype traits to bitch, but rather emphasized stereotypically masculine traits in their characterization of bastard. These results are discussed in terms of the regulatory and expressive nature of language, as well as the differential sanction value of the terms “bitch” and “bastard” for out-of-role behavior.
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Coyne, J.C., Sherman, R.C. & O'Brien, K. Expletives and woman's place. Sex Roles 4, 827–835 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287702
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287702