Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A comprehensive study of risk assessment for a hazardous compound of public health concern

  • Published:
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A comprehensive approach to risk assessment was developed by coupling an environmental fate model to the available health effects data. This approach was used to determine the risk due to an emission of 100 Mg L−1 of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2.4.6-TCP) to a water body similar to Hamilton Harbour. The results indicated that a reduction in emissions to the harbour from 100 to 27.6 fig L−1 would be required if a risk level of 1 in 106 is closen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ames, B. N., McCann, J., and Yamasaki, E.: 1975. Test. Muta. Res. 31, 347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrhenius, E., Renberg, L., Johansson, L., and Zetterquist, M.: 1977. Chem. Bio. Interact. 18, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar, R. S., Hussain, M. Z., and Belton, J. C.: 1979, in S. D. Lee and J. B. Mudd (eds.), Assessing Toxic Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 121–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerke, E. L., Herman, J. L., Miller, P. W., and Wetters, J. H.: 1972, Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 20, 963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burttschell, R. H., Rosen, A. A., Middleton, F. M., and Ettinger M. B.: 1959, J.A. W.W.A. 5, 205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bysshe, S. E.: 1982, in Lyman et al. (eds.), Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods —Environmental Behaviour of Organic Compounds, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, P. M., Romberg, G. P., and Vigers, G. A.: 1982, J. Water Pollution Control Federation 54, 292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. E., Palmer, J. S., Radeleff, R. D., Crookshank, H. R., and Farr, F. M.: 1976, Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 23, 573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, R. A. (ed.): 1982, Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Ltd.

  • Fahrig, R., Nilsson, C. A., and Rappe, C.: 1978, in K. R. Rao, (ed.), Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farquharson, M. E., Gage, J. C., and Northover, J.: 1958, Br. Jour. Pharmacol. 13, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, T. S. and Saha, J. G.: 1978, Jour. Environ. Sci. Health 13, 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaylor, D. W. and Shapiro, R. E.: 1979, in M. A. Mehlman et al. (eds.), Advances in Modern Toxicology, Vol. 1, part 2, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington, D.C., pp. 65–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handy, R. and Schindler, A.: 1976, Estimation of Permissible Concentrations of Pollutants for Continuous Exposure, EPA 600/2–76–155, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. P.: 1976, Biological Study of Hamilton Harbour - 1975. Technical Report Series No. l, Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoak,: 1956, quoted in: ‘Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish’, by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (a subcommittee of the FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Water Research 7, 929 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, R., Hockwin, O., Korte, and Klein, W.: 1975, Exp. Eye Res. 20, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, J., Jones, D., and Safe, S.: 1976, Can. Jour. Biochem. 54, 203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, B. K.: 1979, J. Great Lakes Res. 5, 36–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korte, F., Freitag, D., Geyer, H., Klein, W. Kraus, A. G. and Lahaniatis, E.: 1978, Chemosphere 7, 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutz, F. W., Murphy, R. S., and Strassman, S. C.: 1978, in K. R. Rao (ed.), Pentachlorophenol; Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Plenum Press, New York p. 363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyman, W. J., Reehl, W. F., and Rosenblatt, D. H.: 1982, Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods-Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D.: 1979, Env. Sci. and Techn. 13, 1218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D. and Paterson, S.: 1981. Env. Sci. & Tech. 15, 1006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D. and Paterson, S.: 1982, Env. Sci. & Tech. 16, 654A.

  • Maugh, T. H. II.: 1978, Science 202, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of the Environment (MOE): 1978, Water Management-Goals, Policies, Objectives and Implementation Procedures of the Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsuda, H., Murakami, K., and Kawai, F.: 1963, Agric. Biol. Chem. 27, 366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moza, P., Mostafa, I., and Klein, W.: 1974, Chemosphere 3, 255.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy Press (NAP): 1982, Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 4, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences (NAS): 1977. Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 1, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (NCI): 1979,1979 Bioassay of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol for Possible Carcinogenicity. US Public Health Service, NIH, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare (Technical Service Report Ser. No. 155).

  • National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): 1974, Toxic Substances List, U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.

  • Rasanen, L., Hattula, M. L., and Arstila, A. U.: 1977, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18, 565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, M. S., Anderson, R. A., and Swarbick, J.: 1977, Jour. Pharm. Pharmac. 29, 677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, D. H., Dacre, J. C., and Cogley, D. R.: 1982, in Conway, R. A. (ed.), Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Toronto, 474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stannard, D. J. and Scotter, A.: 1977, New Zea. Jour. Diary Sci. Technol. 12, 140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockdale, M. and Selwyn, M. J.: 1971, Eur. Jour. Biochem. 21, 416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, K., Kurihara, N., and Nakajima, M.: 1977, Agric. Biol. Chem. 41, 733.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): 1976, Quality Criteria for Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): 1979a, Water Quality Criteria, Request for Comments, U.S. Federal Register 44, 15926-981.

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): 1979b, Water Quality Criteria; Availability, U.S. Federal Register 44, 43660-697.

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): 1980, Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorinated Phenols, (Document No. 440/5-80-032).

  • Verscheuren, K.: 1977. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co., Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Resources Division, Gore & Storrie Limited, 1670 Bayview Avenue, M4G 3C2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    T. P. Halappa Gowda, John D. Lock & Ruth G. Kurtz

Authors
  1. T. P. Halappa Gowda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John D. Lock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ruth G. Kurtz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Halappa Gowda, T.P., Lock, J.D. & Kurtz, R.G. A comprehensive study of risk assessment for a hazardous compound of public health concern. Water Air Soil Pollut 24, 189–206 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00285444

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00285444

Keywords

Search

Navigation