Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of gaseous pollutants on forests in Eastern North America

  • Published:
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning direct forest damage caused by atmospheric gaseous pollutants. The major gaseous pollutants affecting forest growth are O3, SO2, and HF. Ozone is the most prevalent phytotoxic air pollutant on a regional scale in eastern North America. It has been demonstrated to cause foliar injury and growth effects on trees in both laboratory and field studies. Both SO2 and HF have been found to cause damage to forests primarily in the vicinity of strong point sources. Case histories of forest damage are reported in the paper which describe foliar and radial growth effects, with associated volume losses. Threshold levels of the gaseous pollutants causing effects on forest growth are provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abeles, F. B., Craker, L. E., Forrence, L. E. and Leather, G. R.: 1971, Science 173, 914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, D. F., Hendrix, J. W. and Applegate, H. G.: 1957, Agric. Food Chem. 5, 108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, D. F., Shaw, C. G. and Yerkes, W. D. Jr.: 1956, Phytopath. 46, 587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banfield, W. M.: 1972, Phytopath. 62, 493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, T. W. and Benedict, H. M.: 1970, In: Recognition of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas” (J. S. Jacobson and A. C. Hill, eds.), Air Pollut.Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., pp. C1–C17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit, L. F., Skelly, J. M., Moore, L. D. and Dochinger, L. S.: 1982, Can. J. For. Res. 12, 673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, C. R.: 1967, Phytopath. 57, 804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, C. R.: 1974, Phytopath. 64, 207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, C. R. and Ripperton, L. A.: 1963, Phytopath. 53, 552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, R. O., Baas, J. and Van Cotter, H.: 1979, Plant Dis. Reporter 63, 177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costonis, A. C.: 1971, Phytopath. 61, 717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costonis, A. C.: 1973, Eur. J. For. Path. 3, 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costonis, A. C. and Sinclair, W. A.: 1969, Phytopath. 59, 1566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. D. and Wood, F. A.: 1972, Phytopath. 62, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. D., Umbach, D. M. and Coppelino, J. B.: 1981, Plant Dis. 65, 904.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. B. and Barnes, R. L.: 1973, Environ. Pollut. 5, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Ong, E. R.: 1946, Phytopath. 36, 469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dochinger, L. S.: 1968, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 18, 814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dochinger, L. S., Bender, F. W., Fox, F. L. and Heck, W. W.: 1970, Nature 225, 476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreisinger, B. R.: 1965, 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollut. Control Assoc., Toronto, Ontario, Paper No. 65-121. pp. 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreisinger, B. R. and McGovern, P. C.: 1970, in: Proceedings Impact of Air Pollution on Vegetation (S. N. Linzon ed. , APCA Specialty Conference, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 11–28,

  • Friedland, A. J., Hawley, G. J. and Gregory, R. A.: 1985, “Investigations of nitrogen as a possible contributor to red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) decline”, Presented at Effects of Air Pollutants on Forest Ecosystems Symposium, Minneapolis, Mn.

  • Galloway, J. M. and Skelly, J. M.: 1978, Virginia's Climate Advisory 3, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heck, W.W. and Brandt, C. S.: 1977, In Air Pollution (C. Stern, ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 157–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heck, W. W., Taylor, O. C., Adams, R., Bingham, G., Miller, J., Preston, E. and Weinstein, L.: 1982, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 32, 353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedgcock, G. G.: 1914, J. of the Washington Academy 4, 70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibben, C. R.: 1969, Phytopath. 59, 1423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. C., Heggestad, H. E. and Linzon, S. N.: 1970, In: Recognition of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas (J. S. Jacobson and A. C. Hill, eds.). Air Pollut. Control Assoc, Pittsburgh, Pa., pp. B1–B22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, D. B.: 1974, Can. J. For. Res. 4, 65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, T. C. and Whitby, L.M.: 1974, Environ. Conservation 1, 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, J. S.: 1977, In: Ozone and Begleitsubstanzen im Photochemischen Smog. VD1 Berlin 270, 163.

  • Jensen, K. F.: 1973, Plant Dis. Reporter 57, 914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, K. F., and Dochinger, L. S.: 1974, Envir. Pollut. 6, 289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnosky, D. F.: 1976, Can. J. For. Res. 6, 166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, M.: 1949, Ind. Eng. Chem. 41, 2450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kress, L. W. and Skelly, J. M.: 1982. Plant Dis. 66, 1149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lautenbach, W. E.: 1985, “Land reclamation program 1978–1984 - Regional Municipality of Sudbury”, Vegetation Enhancement Technical Advisory Committee, pp. 1–65.

  • Leblanc, F. Comeau, G. and Rao, D. N.: 1971, Can. J. Botany 49, 1691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leblanc, F., Rao, D. N. and Comeau, G.: 1972, Can. J. Bot. 50, 519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linzon, S. N.: 1958, “The influence of smelter fumes on the growth of white pine in the Sudbury region”, Joint Publication, Ontario Dept. Lands and Forests and Ontario Dept. Mines., Toronto, Ontario, pp. 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linzon, S. N.: 1966. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 16, 140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linzon, S. N.: 1970, In: Proceedings, Second. Int. Clean Air Congress, Washington, D. C. pp. 277–289.

  • Linzon, S. N.: 1971, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 21, 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linzon, S. N.: 1973. “The effects of air pollution on forests” Presented to Fourth Joint Chemical Engineering Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 1–17.

  • Linzon, S. N.: 1978a, In: Sulfur in the Environment: Part II, Ecological Impacts (J. O. Nriagu, ed.), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, pp. 109–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linzon, S.N.: 1978b, In: Proceedings, 25th Ontario Industrial Waste Conference, Toronto, Ontario. pp. 105–121.

  • Linzon, S. N. and Costonis, A. C.: 1971, In: Proceedings, 1971 Congress, International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Gainsville, Florida, and in Mitteilungen Der Forestlichen Bundes - Versuchsanstalt Wien 92, 71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linzon, S. N., Heck, W. W. and Macdowell, F. D. H.: 1975, In: Photochemical Air Pollution: Formation, Transport and Effects, National Research Council of Canada, Public. No. NRCC 14096, pp 89–142.

  • Linzon, S. N., Pearson, R. G., Donnan, J. A. and Durham, F. N.: 1984, “Ozone effects on crops in Ontario and related monetary values”, Report No. ARB-13-84-Phyto, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, pp. 1–70.

  • Linzon, S.N. and Tung, G.: 1976, in: Proceedings, American Phytopath. Society 3, 308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahendrappa, M. K.: 1977, Bi-monthly Research Notes, Can. Forestry Service 33, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, L. K., McLaughlin, S. B. and Shriner, D. S.: 1980, Environ. Exp. Bot. 20, 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClenahen, J. R.: 1976. J. Environ. Qual. 5, 472.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClenahen, J. R. and Weidensaul, T. C.: 1977, “Geographic distribution of airborne fluorides near a point source in southeast Ohio”, Research Bulletin 1093, Ohio Agric. Research and Devel. Centre, Wooster, Ohio, pp. 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCune, D. C., Temple, P. J. and Witherspoon, A. M.: 1974, 67th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollut. Control Assoc. Reprint No. 74-226, pp. 1–12.

  • McGovern, P. C. and Balsillie, D.: 1973, “Sulphur dioxide (1972) — heavy metal (1971) levels and vegetation effects in the Sudbury area”, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Northeastern Region, pp. 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, S. B.: 1981, In: The posed SO and Particulate Standard, APCA Specialty Conference-, Atlanta, Georgia pp. 62–83.

  • Miller, P. R., Taylor, O. C. and Wilhour, R. G.: 1982, “Oxidant air pollution effects on a western coniferous forest ecosystem”. E.P.A - 600/D-82-276. US E.P.A., Corvallis, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, D.G., Terrell, L.E. and Weidensaul, T.C.: 1977, Plant Dis. Reporter 61, 699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, B.R.: 1976, Envir. Pollut 11, 175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu, S. S.: 1979, J, Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 29, 1069.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigal, L. L. and Nash, T. H. III.: 1983, Ecology 64, 1343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelly, J. M., Chevone, B. L. and Yang, Y-S. 1982, In: Proceedings - International Symposium in Hydrometeorology, Amer. Water Research Association, pp. 69–73.

  • Skelly, J. M., Yang, Y-S., Chevone, B. I. and Long, S. J.; 1983, In: Proceedings- Air Pollution and the Productivity of the Forest Symposium, Washington, D.C., pp. 143–159

  • Thomas, M. D.: 1951, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiology, pp. 293–322.

  • Thomas, M. D. and Aither, E. W.: 1966, in: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 20, Part 1, Pharmacology of Fluorides, (F.A. Smith, ed.) Springer Verlag, New York. pp. 231–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tingey, D. T.: 1978, California Air Environment, Univ. of California 7, 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Treshow, M. and Pack, M. R.: 1970, In: Recognition of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas (J. S. Jacobson and A. C. Hill (eds.), Air Pollut. Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa, pp. D1–D17.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.: 1982, In: Air Qualtiy Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides, Volume III, Chapter 8, pp. 1–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Sickle, G. A.: 1973, Bi-monthly Research Notes, Can. Forestry Service, 29, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, L. H.: 1977, J. of Occupational Medicine 19, 49.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Phytotoxicology Section Air Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, M5S 1Z8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Samuel N. Linzon

Authors
  1. Samuel N. Linzon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Linzon, S.N. Effects of gaseous pollutants on forests in Eastern North America. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 31, 537–550 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284211

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284211

Keywords

Search

Navigation