Abstract
A survey of chronic oil pollution sources in the Red Sea and its gulves is given. The Red Sea is suffering from oil pollution along most of its coasts as well as in its offshore waters. Oil inputs from all sources in the Red Sea were estimated and compared with those in the world's oceans. While each km2 in the world's oceans receives 9.17 kg yr−1 of oil, each km2 in the Red Sea receives 14.61 kg yr−1. Oil inputs from refineries was also estimated for the Red Sea. It was found that each km2 of the Red Sea receives about 13 times the quantity received by each km2 in the world's oceans.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Awad, H., Michel, P., and El-Shazly, A.: 1983, Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Fish. 9, 102.
Awad, H.: 1984, The Environment and Fisheries in the Coastal Area between Jeddah and Yanbu, Fac. Mar. Sc., U.K.A., S.A., 195 (in arabic, english abs.)
Awad, H.: 1985, J. Fac. Mar. Sc., U.K.A. 4, 131.
Blokker, P. C.: 1971, Seminar on Water Pollution by Oil, Aviemore, 1970, Inst. Petrol. London.
De Kok, F. and Marson, H. W.: 1978, The Oil and Gas J. 76, 92.
Dicks, B.: 1984, Deep-Sea Res. 31, 833.
Dixon, T. and Dixon, T.: 1975, Mar. Poll. Bull. 6, 70.
El Samra, M. I., El Deeb, K. Z., and Halim, Y.: 1982, VIes Journees Etud. Pollutions, Cannes, CIESM (1982), 227.
GESAMP: 1977, Impact of Oil in the Marine Environment, Rep. Stud. (6), FAO (1976), p. 250.
Hanna, R. G.: 1983, Mar. Poll. Bull. 14, 268.
IMCO: 1981, Petroleum in the Marine Environment, IMCO, London.
Loya, Y.: 1975, Mar. Biol. 29, 177.
Mahasneh, D. and Meinesz, A.: 1984, Coral Reef Environment of the Red Sea, Fac. Mar. Sc., U.K.A., S.A., 624.
MIT SCEP: 1970, Man's Impact on the Global Environment. SCEP, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., MIT press, p. 319.
NAS: 1975; Petroleum in the Marine Environment, Nation. Acad. Sc., Wash. D.C., p. 107.
Neff, J. M., Marum, J. P. and Warner, J. S.: 1983, Oil Spill, 8th Conference, API/EPA/USCG, 435.
Ormond, R. F. G.: 1978, Prog. in Underwater Sc. 3, 165.
Rashad, R.: 1982, J. of Navigat. 30, 366.
UNESCO: 1974, Marine Program for the Red Sea. UNESCO, p. 29.
USCG: 1973, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, USCG, Wash. D.C., p. 89.
Wennink, C. J. and Nelson-Smith, A.: 1977, Coastai Oil Pollution Evaluation Study for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, IMCO, London, 1, Part 1, p. 69.
Wennink, C. J. and Nelson-Smith, A.: 1979a, Coastal Oil Pollution Evaluation Study for the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea Coast of the Republic of Egypt, IMCO, London. Part A, p. 69.
Wennink, C. J. and Nelson-Smith, A.: 1979b, Coastal Oil Pollution Evaluation Study for the Gulf of Aqaba Coast of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, IMCO, London. Part A, p. 18.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Awad, H. Oil contamination in the Red sea environment. Water Air Soil Pollut 45, 235–242 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00283454
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00283454