Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antimutagens

Data and problems

  • Reviews
  • Published:
Humangenetik Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Experimental data from studies on the antimutagenic activity of certain chemical substances are presented in a comparative manner. The fundamental possibility of the protecting activity of chemicals against the mutagenic and clastogenic side effects of ionizing radiations as well as chemical mutagens has been shown in a great variety of test organisms and experimental systems. Conclusions and problems resulting from these data are discussed. Although most experiments on antimutagenesis must be understood as model tests for clearing up fundamental problems the practical importance of these studies it yet beyond all doubts. From the presented data results the necessity of a rapid development of practically applicable antimutagens which combine a high degree of efficacy and a wide spectrum of activity with good compatibility and applicability in man. A lot of further antimutagenicity studies including the highly relevant mammalian test systems will be necessary before achieving this object.

Zusammenfassung

Eine Reihe von experimentellen Ergebnissen aus Untersuchungen über die antimutagene Wirksamkeit bestimmter chemischer Substanzen wird vergleichend dargestellt. Die grundsätzliche Möglichkeit einer Schutzwirkung von Chemikalien gegen die mutagenen und clastogenen Nebenwirkungen ionisierender Strahlen und chemischer Mutagene wurde an einer Vielzahl von Versuchsorganismen und Testsystemen gezeigt. Die sich aus diesen Untersuchungen ergebenden Folgerungen und Probleme werden diskutiert. Wenngleich die meisten Antimutagenese-Experimente als Modelluntersuchungen zur Klärung prinzipieller Fragestellungen aufzufassen sind, liegt die praktische Bedeutung solcher Untersuchungen bereits heute klar auf der Hand. Aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer raschen Entwicklung von praktisch verwendbaren Antimutagenen, die einen hohen Grad an Wirksamkeit und ein breites Wirkungsspektrum mit möglichst weitgehender Verträglichkeit und Anwendbarkeit beim Menschen verbinden. Dazu sind weitere umfangreiche Antimutagenese-Untersuchungen unerläßlich, in die vor allem die besonders relevanten Säuger-Testsysteme einbezogen werden müssen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abe, M., Fukuda, M.: Studies on restorative effect of taurine in radiation injury and its clinical application. See: Moroson, Quintiliani, Eds., 1970

  • Adams, G. E.: Molecular mechanisms of cellular radiosensitization and protection. See: Moroson, Quintiliani, Eds., 1970

  • Alexander, P.: Protection of macromolecules in vitro against damage by ionizing radiations. See: Hollaender, Ed., 1960

  • Alexander, P., Bacq, Z. M., Cousens, S. F., Fox, M., Herve, A., Lazar, J.: Mode of action of some substances which protect against the lethal effects of X-rays. Radiat. Res. 2, 392–415 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, P., Dean, C. J., Lehmann, A. R., Ormerod, M. G., Feldschreiber, P., Serianni, R. W.: The repair of DNA and the mode of action of sensitizers and protectors in biological systems of different complexity. See: Moroson, Quintiliani, Eds., 1970

  • Allison, A. C., Paton, G. R.: Chromosome damage in human diploid cells following activation of lysosomal enzymes. Nature (Lond.) 207, 1170–1173 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arutunian, R. M.: L-cysteine modification of the cytogenetic effect of cytosine-arabinoside in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Bull. Eksp. Biol. Med. (USSR) 75, 103–105 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arutunian, R. M., Kuleshov, N. P.: Modification by cysteine of tio TEF induced chromosome aberrations in cultured human leucocytes. Genetika (Moscow) 8, 148–153 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Asano, M., McDonald, T. P., Odell, T. T.: Effects of nitrogen mustard on mouse tissue and modification by AET. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 4, 591–600 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Avanzi, S.: Inibizione dell'effetto citologico dell'acetato di Tallio per mezzo della cisteina. Caryologia 10, 96–101 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Avanzi, S.: Chromosome breakage by pyrrolizidine alkaloids and modification of the effect with cysteine. Caryologia 14, 251–261 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Avetisov, V. A., Valeva, S. A.: The effect of ethyleneimine treatment on barley seeds irradiated by gamma-rays and fast neutrons. Genetika (Moscow) 4, 31–38 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayyash, K.: Chromosome aberrations in Vicia faba seed root cells upon combined treatment with colchicine and X-rays. Tsitologiya (USSR) 12, 1464–1470 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, M. K.: Reduction in the frequency of mutation to resistance to cytarabine in L 1210 murine leukemic cells by treatment with quinacrine hydrochloride. Cancer Res. 29, 1881–1885 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, M. K., Johnson, H. G.: Some studies on the antimutagenic action of polyamines. Progr. Molec. Subcell. Biol. 2, 329–346 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Backer, I.: Einige Aspekte zum medikamentösen Strahlenschutz mit Sulfhydrylverbindungen. Wiss. Beibl. No. 42, Materia Med. Nordmark

  • Bacq, Z. M.: Chemical protection against ionizing radiation. Springfield (Ill.): Thomas 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • Baraboy, V. A., Vinkler, G. N.: Plant phenol compounds and protection of genetic apparatus from damage. Cytol. Genet. (USSR) 4, 359–376 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkan, R. S.: On the radioprotective effect of AET on the small intestine epithelium of irradiated mice. II. The cell protector effect at different stages of the mitotic cycle. Tsitologiya 12, 127–129 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthelmess, A., Huber, H., Fürst, H.: Zytogenetische Untersuchungen über natürliche antimutagene Schutzstoffe für Strahlendiagnose, Strahlentherapie und berufliche Strahlenbelastung. Strahlentherapie 136, 116–130 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Becher, R., Gebhart, E.: Die Schutzwirkung von Cysteamin und β-Aminoäthylisothiouronium (AET) gegen die chromosomenschädigende Aktivität von Trenimon® in menschlichen Lymphocyten in vitro. Humangenetik 17, 307–316 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bempong, M. A., Newsome, Y. L.: The effect of adenosine triphosphate on mitomycin C induced aberration yield in Vicia faba. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 14, 655–660 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlin, L. B.: Effect of cystamine on chromosomal aberrations on the lymphocytes of human peripheral blood during local fractionated gamma irradiation. Dokl. Biol. Sci. (USSR) 195, 732–734 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, S., Matsuo, T.: Protective and recovery effects of chemicals on plant growth, chromosome aberration and mutation in irradiated seed of crop plants. Radiat. Bot. 6, 575–587 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, B. A.: Effect of chemical modifiers on inactivation and mutation induction by gamma radiation in Escherichia coli. J. gen. Microbiol. 31, 405–412 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. E.: Mechanism of action of aminothiol radioprotectors. Nature (Lond.) 213, 363–364 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdette, W. J.: Influence of penicillin on frequency of induced mutations. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 47, 1813–1817 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri, J. P.: Die Strahlenschutzwirkung von AET, Glutathion und Serotonin bei einer Bestrahlung in Luft-oder Stickstoffatmosph→e auf Heuschreckenchromosomen. Strahlentherapie 135, 250–253 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri, J. P.: 5-Hydroxytryptamine protection of rat bone-marrow chromosomes against X-irradiation in vivo. See: Moroson, Quintiliani, Eds., 1970

  • Chaudhuri, J. P., Langendorff, H.: Chemical radioprotection of mammalian chromosomes in vivo: Radioprotection of rat bone-marrow chromosomes with a single prophylactic dose of AET. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 14, 463–367 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. M.: The effects of chloramphenicol, streptomycine and penicilline on the induction of mutations by X-rays in Drosophila melanogaster. Z. Vererbungsl. 94, 121–125 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. M., Hirschhorn, R.: Lysosomal and non-lysosomal factors in chemically induced chromosome breakage. Exp. Cell Res. 64, 209–217 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Conger, A. D.: Genetical protection. See: Hollaender, Ed., 1960

  • Connors, T. A.: Protection against the toxicity of alkylating agents by thiols: the mechanism of protection and its relevance to cenacer chemotherapy. Europ. J. Cancer 2, 293–305 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, W. A.: Modification of post-irradiation DNA degradation in E. coli B/r. See: Moroson, Quintiliani, Eds., 1970

  • D'Amato, F., Chiarugi, S. A.: Azione protettrice della cisteina contro l'inibizione della germinazione e della crescita prodotte della trietilene-melamina (TEM) nel grano. Rend. Acad. Naz. Lincei, Ser. VIII, Vol. XVIII, 222–226 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H. L., Jun: The effect of cupferron on recovery from radiation damage in Tradescantia microspores. Radiat. Bot. 10, 191–198 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Devik, F.: Protective effects of combined hypoxia and cysteine treatment on whole-body irradiation of mice. Brit. J. Radiol. N.S. 27, 463–466 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Devik, F., Lothe, F.: The effect of cysteamine, cystamine and hypoxia on mortality and bone marrow chromosome aberrations in mice after total roentgen irradiation. Acta radial. (Stockh.) 44, 243–248 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Donta, S. T., Freifelder, D.: Physical studies of glycerol protection against X-ray inactivation of bacteriophage. Radiat. Res. 43, 654–662 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, V., Clarke, C. H.: Caffeine antimutagenesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Microbiol. Genet. Bull. 30, 12 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinin, N. P.: The problem of antimutagens in connection with mutagenesis and chemical protection. Proc. XI. Inter. Congr. Genet. I, The Hague (1963)

  • Edgren, J.: Effect of cysteine on chromosome aberrations induced by radiation of human lymphocytes in vitro. Acta radiol. (Stockh.), Suppl. 298, 1–76 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehling, U. H.: AET-Schutzwirkung bei strahleninduzierten dominanten Letalmutationen der Maus. Strahlentherapie 125, 128–135 (1964a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehling, U. H.: Schutzwirkung von Cystein und AET bei strahleninduzierten dominanten Letalmutationen der Maus. Biophysik 1, 427–428 (1964b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldjarn, L., Jellum, E.: Studies on biochemical and radioprotective effects of thiols and disulphides at the subcellular and molecular level. In: Radiation damage and sulphydryl compounds. IAEA, Vienna, 1969, pp. 45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Firket, H., Mahieu, P.: Irradiation et protection de cultures synchrones de cellules Hela; effet sur le premier cycle cellulaire. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 11, 245 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, L., Flamm, W. G., Falk, H. L.: Chemical mutagens. New York-London: Academic Press 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, E.: Die Wirkung von L-Cystein auf die chromatidbrechende Aktivität von 8-Hydroxychinolinsulfat. Protoplasma 65, 247–250 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, E.: Zur Beeinflussung der Wirkung von Myleran auf menschliche Chromosomen durch L-Cystein. Mutat. Res. 7, 254–257 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, E.: Die Wirkung von L-Cystein auf die Aberrationsauslösung in menschlichen Chromosomen durch chemische Mutagene. I. Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen bei Verwendung von Trenimon® als Aberrationsinduktor. Humangenetik 10, 115–126 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, E.: Die Wirkung von L-Cystein auf die Aberrationsauslösung in menschlichen Chromosomen durch chemische Mutagene. II. Zur Bedeutung des Zeitfaktors bei Verwendung von Trenimon® als Aberrationsinduktor. Humangenetik 11, 237–243 (1971a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, E.: L-Cystein als Protektor gegen die aberrationsauslösende Wirkung von 8-Hydroxychinolinsulfat in menschlichen Leukocytenchromosomen. Mutat. Res. 11, 261–262 (1971b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, E.: An assay of anti-clastogens. First results and a program for further research. IVth Inter. Congr. Human Genet., Paris (1971c)

  • Gebhart, E.: Untersuchungen über die Schutzwirkung einiger Radioprotektoren und Aminosäuren gegen die chromosomenschädigende Aktivität chemischer Mutagene in menschlichen Lymphocyten in vitro. Habil.-Schr., Erlangen 1972

  • Gebhart, E.: Untersuchungen über die Beeinflussung der chromosomenschädigenden Aktivität von Trinemo® an menschlichen Lymphocyten in vitro durch Aminosäuren. Humangenetik 18, 237–246 (1973a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, E.: Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Beeinflussung der chromosomenschädigenden Aktivität von 8-Hydroxychinolinsulfat in menschlichen Lymphocyten in vitro durch Radioprotektoren und Aminosäuren. Mutat. Res. 18, 353–361 (1973b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg, D. M., Webster, H. K.: Chemical protection against singlestrand breaks in DNA of gamma-irradiated. E. coli. Radiat. Res. 39, 421–435 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Glembotzky, J. L., Grozdova, T. J.: The antimutagenic effect of β-amino-ethyl-iso-thiouronium bromide (AET) in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetika (Moscow) 7, 108–116 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goutier, R., Baugnet-Mahieu, L.: Action of SH-containing radioprotectors on nucleic acid metabolism. In: Radiation damage and sulphydryl compounds. IAEA, Vienna, 1969, pp. 103–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Goyanes-Villaescusa, V.: Chemical protection of radiologists. Lancet 1973 II, 575–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Grenan, M. M., Copeland, E. S.: Structure-function studies of the aminothiol radioprotectants. Effect of carbon chain length in mercaptoethylamine homologs. Radiat. Res. 47, 387–391 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gugushvili, B. S., Pomerantzeva, M. D., Vilkina, G. A.: The protective effect of cystamine on X-ray-induced damages in germ cells of male mice. Genetika (Moscow) 8, 42–49 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernádi, F., Nagy, Z., Kovács, P., Kari, C.: Analysis of the radioprotective effect of cysteine on Escherichia coli strains. See: Moroson, Quintiliani, Eds., 1970

  • Höhne, G., Künkel, R., Struckmann, R.: Die strahleninduzierte Mutationsrate bei Drosophila nach Cystein-Applikation. Naturwissenschaften 42, 491–492 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollaender, A. (Ed.): Radiation protection and recovery. Oxford-London-New York-Paris: Pergamon Press 1960

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollaender, A. (Ed.): Chemical mutagens, New York-London: Plenum Press Vol. 1 & 2, 1971; Vol. 3, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivaschenko, N. I., Grozdova, T. Y., Kholikova, T. A.: The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the frequency of recessive lethal mutations induced by radiation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetika (Moscow) 7, 53–60 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, M., Ray-Chaudhuri, S. P.: Radioprotective effect, of six chemicals against X-ray-induced genetic damage in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat. Res. 18, 279–288 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jellum, E.: Interaction of cystamine and cystamine derivatives with nucleic acids and nucleoproteins. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 9, 185–200 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jellum, E., The role of cystamine-nucleic acid interactions in protection against X-ray-induced damage of DNA. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 10, 577–594 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jellum, E., Eldjarn, L.: Isolation of SH-containing DNA-nucleoproteins by chromatography on organomercurial polysaccharide. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 100, 144 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, I.: X-ray-induced strand breaks in intracellular DNA in presence of N-oxyls. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 22, 179–182 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. G., Bach, M. K.: The antimutagenic action of polyamines. Suppression of the mutagenic action of an E. coli mutator gene and of 2-aminopurine. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 55, 1453–1456 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. G., Bach, M. K.: On the mechanism of antimutagen action. 5th Inter. Congr. Chemtherapy, Vienna 1967

  • Johnson, H. G., Bach, M. K.: Apparent antimutagenic activity of quinacrine hydrochloride in Detroit-98 human sternal marrow cells grown in culture. Cancer Res. 29, 1367–1370 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Judin, G. I., Antipenko, E. N.: Post-irradiation restoration of somatic cell chromosomes in mammals. The influence of thyroxine on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in liver cells of rats. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 22, 501–506 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kak, S. N., Kaul, B. L.: Role of manganese ions on the modification of the mutagenic activity of some alkylating agents. Cytologia 38, 577–585 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaminskaya, Z. A., Mosse, I. B., Freimanis, J. F.: A cytological analysis of the combined effect of X-ray radiation and some indene compounds. Cytol. Genet. (USSR) 4, 168–171 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, W. D., Lyon, M. F.: Failure of mercaptoethylamine to protect against the mutagenic effects of radiation. I. Experiments with Drosophila. Science 118, 776–777 (1953a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, W. D., Lyon, M. F.: Failure of mercaptoethylamine to protect against the mutagenic effects of radiation. II. Experiments with mice. Science 118, 777–778 (1953b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, H.: Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by UV light and its inhibition by caffeine. Exp. Cell Res. 82, 383–390 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaul, B. L.: Modification of the radiomimetic effects of nitrosoguanidine by cysteine in plants. Experientia (Basel) 25, 74, (1969a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaul, B. L.: Protection against radiation-induced chromosome breakage in Vicia faba by dimethyl sulfoxide. Radiat. Bot. 9, 111–114 (1969b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaul, B. L.: Studies on the radioprotective role of dimethyl sulfoxide in plants. Radiat. Bot. 10, 69–78 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, I., Gang, M., Woodman, R. J., Cysyk, R. L., Venditti, J. M.: Protection with N-acetyll-cysteine (NSC-111180) against isophosphamide (NSC-109724) toxicity and enhancement of the therapeutic effect in early murine L 1210 leukemia. Cancer Chemoth. Rep. Part 1, 57, 299–304 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kølmark, G.: Patterns of interaction between X-rays and chemicals studied by reverse — mutation rates in Neurosporal. Radiat. Res. 9, 140 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kølmark, G.: Chemical protection against radiation effects in Neurospora crassa. Radiat. Res. 11, 450 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollmann, G., Castel, N., Shapiro, B.: Further studies on protection of DNA against ionizing radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 18, 587–594 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollmann, G., Martin, D., Shapiro, B.: The protection of DNA against ionizing radiation by actinomycin D in vitro. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 16, 121–128 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollmann, G., Shapiro, B., Martin, D.: Mechanism of the protective action of GED against radiation damage to DNA. Radiat. Res. 31, 721–731 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Künkel, H. A., Kamm, P., Höhne, G.: Über den Einfluß von Cystein auf die strahleninduzierte Mutationsrate bei Escherichia coli. Strahelentherapie 114, 94–102 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Künkel, H. A., Rodegra, H.: Über den Einfluß von Aminoäthylisothiouronium (AET) auf die strahleninduzierte Mutationsrate bei Escherichia coli. Naturwissenschaften 50, 594 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Künkel, H. A., Rösener, A.: Experiments with chemical compounds which reduce or increase mutagenic effects of, ionizing radiations. Proc. XI. Inter. Congr. Genet. I, The Hague, p. 67 (1963)

  • Lakchaura, B., Clark, J. B.: Recovery from X-ray and nitrogen mustard inactivation of Escherichia coli by 2,4-dinitrophenol treatment. Radiat. Res. 47, 660–671 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Langendorff, H.: Neuere Forschungsergebnisse über die Wirksamkeit chemischer Stoffe bei Bestrahlung höherer Organismen. Arzneimittel-Forsch. (Drug Res.) 20, 527–531 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Langendorff, H., Shibata, K.: Untersuchungen über einen biologischen Strahlenschutz. LXII. Der Einfluß des 5-Hydroxytryptamin (Serotonin) auf die Mitosetätigkeit und die Chromosomen in Knochenmark nach subletaler Ganzkörperbestrahlung von Mäusen. Strahlentherapie 127, 133 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leon, S. A., Kollman, G., Shapiro, B.: In vitro protection against radiation damage to template activity in DNA synthesis. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 20, 337–346 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leon, S. A., Kollmann G., Shapiro, B.: Properties of DNA irradiated in the presence of the protective agent bis-(2-guanidoethyl)-disulphide (GED). Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 23, 325–332 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Léonard, A., Deknudt, G.: Effects of AET on chromosome rearrangements induced by X-irradiation in spermatogonia. Radiat. Res. 50, 120–124 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Léonard, A., Deknudt, G.: Chemical radioprotection against chromosome rearrangements induced in spermatogonia of mice. Strahlentherapie 145, 174–177 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Léonard, A., Maisin, J. R.: Effects of AET against the dominant lethality induced by X-rays in mice. Proc. XI. Inter. Congr. Genet. I, The Hague, p. 82 (1963)

  • Levenko, B. A.: Modifying the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by γ-rays under treatment of barley seeds with chemicals. Cytol. Genet. (USSR) 5, 342–344 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebecq, C.: Reactivity and metabolic action of thiols and disulfides in relation to their radioprotective characteristics. Rev. Med. (Liège) 23, Suppl. 1, 129–134 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann, H. M., Vos, O., Van Sluis, C. A., Cohen, J. A.: Chemical protection against breaks induced in DNA of human and bacterial cells by X-irradiation. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 224, 339–352 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Loprieno, N.: Cysteine protection against reversion to methionine independence induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurethane in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mutat. Res. 1, 469–472 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüning, K. G., Frølén, H., Nelson, A.: The protective effect of cysteamine against genetic damages by X-rays in spermatozoa from mice. Radiat. Res. 14, 813–818 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Magni, G. E., von Borstel, R. C., Sora, S.: Mutagenic action during meiosis and antimutagenic action during mitosis by 5-aminoacridine in yeast. Matut. Res. 1, 227–230 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisin, J. R., Moutschen, J.: Chemical protection of the alimentary tract of whole body irradiated mice. II. Chromosome breaks and mitotic activity. Exp. Cell Res. 21, 347 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchionni, R., Bersi, M.: The effect of taurine as a protector of human marrow cells against radiation. Arch. Sci. Med. 126, 20–22 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, H.: Umwelt-Chemikalien: Routineprüfungen auf Mutagenität, pp. 844–846. Stuttgart: Umschau 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, H.: Möglichkeiten der Verwendung nicht-relevanter Methoden bei Mikroorganismen und Drosophila zur Mutagenitätsprüfung. Arzneimittel-Forsch. (Drug Res.) 23, 1349–1350 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur, J. R., Bhandari, M. M., Bhandari, K.: Effect of amino acids on gamma irradiated wheat seeds. Ind. J. Hered. 2, 69–72 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikaelsen, K.: The protective effec of glutathione against radiation induced chromosome aberrations. Science 116, 172–174 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikaelsen, K.: Protective properties of cysteine sodium hyposulfite, and sodium cyanide against radiation induced chromosome aberrations. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 40, 171–182 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikaelsen, K., Pedersen, K.: Protective effectiveness of cysteine, cysteamine and cystamine against X-ray induced chromosome aberrations at different stages of mitosis. Hereditas (Lund) 60, 399–406 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Milvy, P., Pullman, I.: ESR studies of spin transfer in irradiated nucleic acid — cysteamine systems. Radiat. Res. 34, 265 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittler, S.: The failure of sulphydryl compounds, AET, MEA, and glutathione to protect against X-ray induced chromosome aberrations in male drosophila. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 8, 405–413 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Modig, H. G., Edgren, M., Révész, L.: Release of thiols from cellular mixed disulphides and its possible role in radiation protection. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 22, 257–268 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moes, A.: Cysteamine and sensitivity to X-rays in barley. Proc. XI. Inter. Congr. Genet. I, The Hague (1963)

  • Moroson, H., Quintiliani, M. (Eds.): Radiation protection and sensitization. Proc. II. Inter. Symp. Radiosens. Radioprot. Drugs, Rome 1969. London: Taylor and Francis 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosse, I. B., Rokitzky, P. F., Freimanis, J. F.: On the protective effect of amino-substituted indenes. Genetika (Moscow) 4, 62–66 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moutschen, J.: Cystamine as a modifier of chromosome breaks caused by maleic hydrazide in broad bean. Radiat. Res. 9, 188 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moutschen, J.: Modifications with cystamine of chromosome damage caused by maleic hydrazide in broad bean. Radiobiol. Latina III, 271–277 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozzhukhin, A. S., Rachinskii, F. Y., Slavachevskaya, N. M., Tank, L. I.: Relation between the chemical structure and radioprotective properties in a series of aminothiols and certain of their derivates. In: Patogenez, Eksperimental' naya Profilaktika i Terapiya Luchevykh Porazhenii, Lebedinskii, A. V., Ed. Moscow 1964

  • Mukherjee, R.: Actinomycin D effects on the frequency of radiation-induced mutations in Drosophila. Genetics 51, 363–367 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Narsinghani, V. G., Kumar, S.: The effect of gibberellic acid on chromosomal aberrations in EMS and MMS treated Pisum sativum L. Theor. appl. Genet. 41, 18–20 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasjleti, C. E., Spencer, H. H.: Chromosome damage after treatment with cysteamine in non-irradiated and irradiated human leukocytes. J nucl. Med. 10, 495–500 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemirovsky, L. E., Akifiev, A. P., Klimenko, V. V.: A modifying effect of caffeine on the chemically induced aberrations of chromosomes in the bone marrow cells of rat. Genetika (Moscow) 5, 83–88 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemirovsky, L. E., Klimenko, V. V.: Effect of caffeine on genetic lesions induced by dipine (an alkylating compound) in hepatocytes of rats. Genetika (Moscow) 9, 100–106 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, W. W., Bradt, C., Aucker, K., Kjellén, L., Farrell, E.: Inhibition of virus-induced chromosome damage, by interferon. Mutat. Res. 16, 340–344 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuti Ronchi, V., Buiatti, M., Ipata, P. L.: The influence of thymidine and deoxycytidine on the chromosome-breaking effect of triethylene-melamine in Vicia faba. Mutat. Res. 4, 315–321 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuzhdin, N. J., Niznik, G. V.: The effects of protection against genetic damage caused by ionizing radiation in mammalian sex cells. Proc. XI. Inter. Congr. Genet. I, The Hague (1963)

  • Obe, G., Slacik-Erben, R.: Suppressive activity by fluoride on the induction of chromosome aberrations in human cells with alkylating agents in vitro. Mutat. Res. 19, 369–371 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ol'Shevskaya, O. P., Yarmonenko, S. P.: The action of radio-protective substances in conditions of fractionated irradiation. VI. Protection against chromosomal lesions at small radiation doses. Radiobiologiya 9, 58–61 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Patt, H. M., Tyree, E. B., Straube, R. L., Smith, D. E.: Cysteine protection against X-irradiation. Science 110, 213 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pihl, A., Sanner, T.: Chemical protection against ionizing radiation by sulphur-containing agents. See: Moroson, Quintiliani, Eds., 1970

  • Puglisi, P. P.: Mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of acridinium salts in yeast. Mutat. Res. 4, 289–294 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Puglisi, P. P.: Antimutagenic activity of actinomycin D and basic fuchsine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molec. Gen. Genet. 103, 248–252 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Radman, M., Roller, A., Errera, M.: Protection of host cell repair of irradiated lambda phage I–III. Molec. Gen. Genet. 104, 142–156 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajaraman, R., Kamra, O. P.: Modification of radiation-induced genetic damage in Drosophila melanogaster male germ cells with nucleic acid precursors. III. Effects on the premeiotic cells. Mutat. Res. 22, 47–53 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajaraman, R., Kesavan, P. C., Kamra, O. P.: Influence of N-ethyl-maleimide on radiation damage in Hordeum vulgare and Vicia faba under aerobic conditions. Radiat. Bot. 9, 221–223 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rana, R. S., Mathur, H. C.: Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the mutagenic efficiency of ethyl methanesulfonate in seed treatments. Mutat. Res. 8, 666–667 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, S. B.: A study on the radioprotective property of thiourea against radiation-induced chromosome damage. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 12, 685–688 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, S. B.: The protective influence of cysteine and glutathione against radiation induced chromosome damage in Hordeum vulgare root tips. Caryologia 24, 41–47 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, S. B., Linden, W. A., Baigent, C.: The combined action of thiourea and endogenous anoxia against X-ray induced cellular damage. Strahlentherapie 145, 453–455 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Révész, L.: Interplay between natural and artificial radiation protection. In: Radiation damage and sulphydryl compounds. IAEA, Vienna, 1969, pp. 125–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieger, R., Michaelis, A.: Chromosomenmutationen. Jena: Fischer 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, H. P.: Preliminary report on the effect of certain chemicals on radiation damage to chromosomes. Genetics 37, 618–619 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  • Röhrborn, G.: Chemische Konstitution und mutagene Wirkung. IV. Zyklische N-Lostderivate. Molec. Gen. Genet. 102, 50–68 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roots, R., Okada, S.: Protection of DNA molecules of cultured mammalian cells from radiation-induced single-strand scissions by various alcohols and SH compounds. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 21, 329–342 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Savkovie, N., Pecevski, J.: A search for chromosome translocations induced by cysteamine and AET·Cl·HCl in spermatogonia of irradiated mouse. Mutat. Res. 21, 200–201 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwaier, R.: X-ray-induced mitotic recombination, gene conversion and mutation in Saccharomyces and the radioprotective effect of cysteine. Molec. Gen. Genet. 101, 203–211 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Semenov, L. F.: Radioprotective action of compounds not containing sulphur. See: Moroson, Quintiliani, Eds., 1970

  • Shamberger, R. J., Baughman, F. F., Kalchert, S. L., Willis, C. E., Hoffman, G. C.: Carcinogen-induced chromosomal breakage decreased by antioxidants. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 70, 1461–1463 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapira, R., Doherty, D. G., Burnett, W. T., Jr.: Chemical protection against ionizing radiation. III. Mercaptoalkylguanidines and related isothiouronium compounds with protective activity. Radiat. Res. 7, 22–34 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, B., Kollmann, G.: Mechanism of protection of macromolecules against ionizing radiation by sulphydryl and other protective agents. In: Radiation damage and sulphydryl compounds. IAEA, Vienna, 1969, pp. 23–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiomi, T.: Effect of penicillin feeding on the reduction of radiation induced mutation rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. XI. Inter. Congr. Genet. I, The Hague (1963)

  • Smets, L. A., Hallman, P., Lause, P., Kuyper, C. M. A.: Decrease of radiation damage to chromosomes by DNA and deoxyribonucleotides. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 13, 269–273 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnov, A. D.: Modifying effect of cystamine in some mutagenic actions on the human organism. Dokl. Biol. Sci. 199, 487–489 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobels, F. H., Tates, A. D.: Recovery from premutational damage of X-irradiation in Drosophila spermatogenesis. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 58, Supp. 1, 189–196 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, M. G., van Dillewijn, J., Blok, J.: The influence of some sulphydryl compounds on γ-ray-induced inactivation and reversion to prototrophy in E. coli B fil-citrul-. Mutat. Res. 5, 349–357 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, A. C., Roman, C. S., Patel, C. R.: Effects of amylobarbitone on the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes determined by chlorambucil and melphalan in vitro. Mutat. Res. 19, 225–229 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stosiek, M., Gebhart, E.: Protective effect of Reducdyn® against the chromosome damaging activity of 2,3,5-triethyleneimino-1,4-benzoquinone on human lymphocytes in vitro. 4th Ann. Meet. EEMS, Heidelberg (1974)

  • Streffer, C.: Strahlen — Biochemie. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1969

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeda, Y., Sugahara, T.: The effects of AET (s,2-aminoethylisothiourea·Br. HBr) on the induction of dominant lethal mutations by X-ray. Nipp. Acta Radiol. 20, 1996 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Todorov, S., Robev, S.: Investigation of the effects of N-phenylbenz-amidine on the number of inverse mutations during X-irradiation of E. coli K 54 suspension. C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 18, 55–58 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Truhaut, R., Deysson, G.: Etude des effets sur les mitoses des cellules végétales du 1,4-dimethylsulfonyloxybutane. Essai de protection par la β-mercaptoéthylamine. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 238, 1833–1835 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Velemínský, J., Gichner, T., Pokorný, V.: The effect of inhibitors on the mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N-nitrosurea and N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol. Plant. 7, 325–329 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Velemínský, J., Zadrazils, S., Pokorný, V., Gichner, T., Svachulova, J.: Storage effect in barley. Changes in the amount of DNA lesions induced by methyl and ethyl methanesulphonates. Mutat. Res. 19, 73–81 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidová, M., Kováč, L.: Nalidixic acid prevents the induction of yeast cytoplasmic respirationdeficient mutants by intercalating drugs. FEBS Lett. 22, 347–351 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, E.: Strong antimutagenic effects of fluoride on mutation induction by trenimon and 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat. Res. 20, 339–352 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, F., Röhrborn, G. (Eds.): Chemical mutagenesis in mammals and man. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, O., Kaalen, M. C. A. C.: Protection against ionizing radiation at the cellular level, assessed by various parameters. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 14, 107–118 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO: Evaluation and testing of drugs for mutagenicity: Principles and problems. Wld. Hlth. org. techn. Rep. Ser. No. 482 (1971)

  • Winkler, G. N., Smyslova, G. I., Scherbakov, V. K.: The inhibition of natural cell mutations in Allium fistulosum L. by the auto-antimutagens of Vicia faba L. and the existence of specific protection against spontaneous mutations. Genetika (Moscow) 5, 40–44 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, S.-J., Hahn, G. M.: Cell-cycle-dependent protection by cysteamine against X-rayinduced chromosome aberrations. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 14, 71–73 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, C. K., Sinclair, W. K.: Protection by cysteamine against mitotic delay and chromosomal aberrations induced by X-rays in synchronized Chinese hamster cells. Radiat. Res. 43, 357–371 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamenhof, P. J.: On the identity of two bacterial mutator genes: Effect of antimutagens. Mutat. Res. 7, 463–465 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zatyko, J. M., Simon, J., Sagi, F.: Antimutagenic effect against colchicine of kinetin in black currant seedlings. Nature (Lond.) 205, 422 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie der Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

    Erich Gebhart

Authors
  1. Erich Gebhart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gebhart, E. Antimutagens. Hum Genet 24, 1–32 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00281107

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00281107

Keywords

Search

Navigation