Summary
The structure of the below-ground detrital food web was similar in three different semiarid vegetation types: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia), mountain meadow (Agropyron smithii), and shortgrass prairie (Bouteloua gracilis). The densities of component food-web functional groups and the response to removal of component groups, differed however. As measured by biomass, bacteria were dominant in the meadow and prairie, while fungi were dominant in the forest. Resourde-base dominance was reflected in consumer dominance, and both directly correlated with the form of inorganic N present. Bacterial-feeding nematodes were numerically dominant in the meadow and prairie, while microarthropods were dominant in the forest. Ammonium-N was the dominant form in the forest, while nitrate —nitrite-N was the more important form in both bacterial-dominated grasslands.
Addition of a biocide solution containing carbofuran and dimethoate reduced the numbers of both microarthropods and nematodes. In the bacterial-dominated grasslands, these reductions resulted in no apparent effect on bacterial densities because one group of bacterial consumers (protozoa) increased following the decrease in bacteria-feeding nematodes, in increased fungal biomass, and in increased soil inorganic N. Conversely, in the forest, following the biocide-induced reduction in consumers, the total fungal biomass decreased, but inorganic-N levels increased. The meadow appeared to be the most resilient of the three ecosystems to biocide disturbance, as both nematode and arthropod numbers returned to control levels more rapidly in the meadow than in the prairie or the forest.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aber JD, Melillo JM (1979) Litter decomposition: Measuring relative contributions of organic matter and nitrogen to forest soils. Can J Bot 58:416–421
Allen ME, MacMahon JA (1985) Impact of disturbance on cold desert fungi: Comparative microscale dispersion patterns. Pedobiologia 28:215–224
Anderson RV, Coleman DC (1977) The use of glass microbeads in ecological experiments with bacteriophagic nematodes. J Nematol 9:319–322
Anderson DW, Coleman DC (1985) Dynamics of organic matter in grassland soils. J Soil and Water Conserv 40:211–216
Babiuk LA, Paul EA (1970) The use of fluorescein isothiocyanate in the determination of the bacterial biomass of a grassland soil. Can J Microbiol 16:57–62
Berg B (1984) Decomposition of root litter and some factors regulating the process: Long-term root litter decomposition in a Scots pine forest. Soil Biol Biochem 16:609–617
Berg B, Ekbohm G (1983) Nitrogen immobilization in decomposing needle litter at variable carbon: nitrogen ratios. Ecology 64:63–67
Bosatta E, Berendse F (1984) Energy or nutrient regulation of decomposition: Implications for the mineralization-immobilization response to perturbations. Soil Biol Biochem 16:63–68
Cole CV, Innis GS, Stewart JWB (1977) Simulation of phosphorus cycling in semiarid grasslands. Ecology 58:1–15
Coleman DC (1985) Through a ped darkly: An ecological assessment of root-soil-microbial-faunal interactions. In: Fitter AH, Atkinson D, Read DJ, Usher MB (eds) Ecological interactions in soil: Plants, microbes, and animals. British Ecological Society no. 4. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 1–23
Coleman DC, Ingham ER, Hunt HW Reid CPP, Elliott ET (1989) An across ecosystem analysis of seasonal effects and faunal reduction on decomposition in semiarid prairie, meadow, and lodgepole pine forest. Ecology, in press
Darbyshire JF, Wheatley RE, Greaves MP, Inkson RHE (1974) A rapid micromethod for estimating bacterial and protozoan populations in soil. Rev Ecol Biol Sol 11:465–475
DeAngelis DL (1980) Energy flow, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem resilience. Ecology 61:764–771
Elliott ET, Coleman DC, Ingham RE, Trofymow JA (1984) Carbon and energy flow through microflora and microfauna in the soil subsystem of terrestrial ecosystems. In: Klug MJ, Reddy CA (eds) Current perspectives in microbial ecology. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington DC
Fahey TJ (1983) Nutrient dynamics of aboveground detritus in a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta spp. latifolia) ecosystem, southeastern Wyoming. Ecol Monogr 53:51–72
Freckman DW, Caswell EP (1985) The ecology of nematodes in agroecosystems. Annu Rev Phytopathol 23:275–296
Hanlon RDG (1981) Influence of grazing by collembola on the activity of senescent fungal colonies grown on media of different nutrient concentration. Oikos 36:362–367
Heal OW, Dighton J (1985) Resource quality and trophic structure in the soil system. In: Fitter AH, Atkinson D, Read DJ, Usher MB (eds) Ecological interactions in soil: Plants, microbes, and animals. British Ecological Society no. 4. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 339–354
Hendriksen A, Selmer-Olsen AR (1970) Automatic methods for determining nitrate and nitrite in water and soil extracts. Analyst 95:514–518
Hendrix PF, Parmelee RW, Crossley Jr DA, Coleman DC, Odum EP, Groffman PM (1986) Detritus foodwebs in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems. Bioscience 36:374–380
Holland EA, Coleman DC (1987) Litter placement effects on microbial communities and organic matter dynamics in an agroecosystem. Ecology 68:425–433
Hunt HW, Coleman DC, Ingham ER, Ingham RE, Elliott ET, Moore JC, Rose SL, Reid CPP, Morley CR (1987) The detrital foodweb in a shortgrass prairie. Biol Fertil Soils 3:57–68
Hunt HW, Ingham ER, Coleman DC, Elliott ET, Reid CPP (1988) Nitrogen limitation of production and decomposition in prairie, mountain meadow, and pine forest. Ecology 69:1009–1016
Ingham ER, Coleman DC (1984) Effects of streptomycin, cycloheximide, fungizone, captan, carbofuran, cygon, and PCNB on soil microbe populations and nutrient cycling. Microbial Ecol 10:345–358
Ingham ER, Klein DA (1984) Soil fungi: Relationships between hyphal activity and staining with fluorescein diacetate. Soil Biol Biochem 16:273–278
Ingham ER, Cambardella C, Coleman DC (1986) Manipulation of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa by biocides in lodgepole pine forest soil microcosms: Effects on organism interactions and nitrogen mineralization. Can J Soil Sci 66:261–272
Ingham RE, Trofymow JA, Ingham ER, Coleman DC (1985) Interactions of bacteria, fungi and their nematode grazers: Effects on nutrient cycling and plant growth. Ecol Monogr 55:119–140
Kauri T (1980) Rapid multipoint method for quantification of various physiological groups of bacteria in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 12:125–130
McClaugherty CA, Pastor J, Aber JD, Melillo JM (1985) Forest litter decomposition in relation to soil nitrogen dynamics and litter quality. Ecology 66:266–275
McGill WB, Hunt HW, Woodmansee RG, Reuss JO (1981) PHOENIX — A model of the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in grassland soils. In: Clark FE, Rosswall T (eds) Terrestrial nitrogen cycles: Processes, ecosystem strategies, and management impacts. Ecol Bull (Stockholm) 33:49–116
Melillo JM, Aber JD, Muratore JF (1982) Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics. Ecology 63:621–626
Merchant VA, Crossley Jr DA (1970) An inexpensive high-efficiency Tullgren extractor for soil microarthropods. J Georgia Entomol Soc 5:83–87
Moore JC, Hunt HW (1988) Resource compartmentation and the stability of real ecosystems. Nature (London) 333:261–263
Moore JC, Walter DE, Hunt HW (1988) Arthropod regulation of micro- and mesobiota in belowground detrital food webs. Annu Rev Entomol 33:419–439
Newell SY, Hicks RE (1982) Direct counts estimates of fungal and bacterial biovolume in dead leaves of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel). Estuaries 5:246–260
Newman El (1985) The rhizosphere: Carbon sources and microbial populations. In: Fitter AH, Atkinson D, Read DJ, Usher MB (eds) Ecological interactions in soil: Plants, microbes, and animals. Britisch Ecological Society no. 4. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 107–121
Nie NH, Hull CH, Jenkins JG, Steinbrenner K, Brent DH (1975) SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Nordgren A, Kauri T, Baath E, Soderstrom B (1986) Soil microbial activity, mycelial lengths, and physiological groups of bacteria in a heavy metal polluted area. Environ Pollut Ser Ecol Biol 41:89–100
Parker LW, Santos PF, Phillips J, Whitford WG (1984) Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during the decomposition of litter and roots of a Chihuahuan desert annual, Lepidium lasiocarpum. Ecol Monogr 54:339–360
Parton WJ, Anderson DW, Cole CV, Stewart JWB (1984) Simulation of soil organic matter formation and mineralization in semiarid agroecosystems. In: Lowrance R, Todd RL, Asmussen LE, Leonard RA (eds) Nutrient cycling in agricultural ecosystems. Agric Exp St Spec Publ 23, Univ of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, pp 533–550
Pimm SL (1982) Food webs. Chapman and Hall, New York
Schnurer J, Clarholm M, Rosswall T (1985) Microbial biomass and activity in an agricultural soil with different organic matter contents. Soil Biol Biochem 17:611–618
Santos FF, Whitford WG (1981) The effects of microarthropods on litter decomposition in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. Ecology 62:654–663
Seastedt TR (1984) The role of microarthropods in decomposition and mineralization processes. Annu Rev Entomol 29:25–46
Stevenson FJ (1985) Humus chemistry. Wiley, New York
Van Veen JA, Paul EA (1979) Conversion of biovolume measurements of soil organisms grown under various moisture tensions to biomass and their nutrient content. Appl Environ Microbiol 37:686–692
Whitford WG, Freckman DW, Parker LW, Schaefer D, Santos PR, Steinberger Y (1983) The contributions of soil fauna to nutrient cycles in desert systems. In: LeBrun P, Andre HM, deMedts A, Gregoire-Wibo C, Wauthy G (eds) New trends in soil biology. Dieu-Brichart, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, pp 1–49
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ingham, E.R., Coleman, D.C. & Moore, J.C. An analysis of food-web structure and function in a shortgrass prairie, a mountain meadow, and a lodgepole pine forest. Biol Fert Soils 8, 29–37 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00260513
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00260513