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Vegetational pattern near alpine timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions

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Conclusions

In the central Rocky Mountains, flat areas or gentle slopes just below climatic timberline exhibit a vegetational pattern consisting of ribbon forests and snow glades lying across the path of the prevailing winds. The pattern is the result of removal of snow by wind from the open areas and its deposit in a great drift about 60 to 100 m in from the windward edge of the forest. This drift remains too long during the summer for tree growth. Consequently, the vegetation in the drift area is a wet or moist subalpine meadow occupying the snow glade and, in effect, breaking the forest into ribbon-like patches. The source area for the snow may be natural climax tundra, tundra which has replaced burned subalpine forest, or subalpine meadow of edaphic origin. The ribbon-forest and snow-glade pattern can be expected just below climatic timberline wherever plateaus or gentle slopes are exposed to heavy snowfall, strong winter winds, and cool summers. Destruction of such ribbon forests by fire or cutting will result in new snowdrift patterns and the long-lasting replacement of the forest by alpine or subalpine meadow vegetation.

Zusammenfassung

In den zentralen Rocky Mountains zeigen flache Gebiete oder sanfte Hänge gerade unterhalb der klimatischen Baumgrenze eine Pflanzendecke, die aus Streifenwald “ribbon forests” und Schnee-Lichtungen besteht, die quer auf die vorherrschende Windrichtung stehen.

Dieses Muster wird dadurch verursacht, daß der Schnee durch den Wind von den offenen Stellen weggeweht, und etwa 60–100 m vom Wald gegen den Wind wieder deponiert wird. Diese Schneehaufen bleiben im Sommer zu lange erhalten, um Baumwuchs zu erlauben. Deshalb entsteht dort eine nasse oder feuchte Alpenwiese, die den Wald in Streifen zerbricht. Diese Streifenwald-Schnee-Lichtung Vegetation kann man dort erwarten, wo unterhalb der klimatischen Baumgrenze Plateaux oder sanfte Neigungen starkem Schneefall, heftigen Winterwinden und kühlen Sommern ausgesetzt sind.

Durch Feuer oder Schlag wird dieser Waldtyp in Alpine oder Subalpine Wiese umgewandelt.

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The research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-1219 and the Duke University Council on Research.

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Billings, W.D. Vegetational pattern near alpine timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions. Vegetatio Acta Geobot 19, 192–207 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00259010

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00259010

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