Abstract
The Monsoon Experiment is the core of the GARP Monsoon Subprogramme, which is a major international effort to achieve a better understanding of the Planetary monsoon circulation, the major seasonal perturbation of the general circulation of the atmosphere and the influence of the annual cycle of precipitation associated with the monsoon on the agriculture of the many populous nations of the region.
This is a summary report of the International MONEX Planning Meetings, which were held in Yerevan, USSR, March 1973; Singapore, November 1974; New Delhi, March 1977; and Kuala Lumpur, February 1978.
MONEX represents a group of observational studies during the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) over the South China Sea (December 1978), Arabian Sea (May–June 1979), and Bay of Bengal (July–August 1979). These periods will permit study of most of the significant aspects of the winter and summer monsoons. This is elaborated on in Sections 2 and 3.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ANATHAKRISHNAN, R. and RAMAKRISHNAN, A.R.: Perturations of the general circulation over India and neighborhood. Symposium on Tropical Meteorology, New Zealand Meteorological Service, Rotorua, 144–159, 1963.
ANDERSON, D.L.T.: The low level jet as a western boundary current. Mon. Wea. Rev.104, 907–921 (1976)
BUNKER, A.F.: Interaction of the summer monsoon air with the Arabian Sea. Proc. Symp. Meteor. Resul. Intern. Ind. Ocean Exp., WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 3–16, 1965. (Available from WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.)
FINDLATER, J.: A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 95, 362–380 (1969)
FLOHN, H.: Large-scale aspects of the “summer monsoon” in South and East Asia. 75th Anniversary Volume, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 180–188 (1957)
FLOHN, H.: Monsoon winds and general circulation. Symposium on Monsoons of the World, India Meteorological Department, 65–74, 1958.
GARP Publication Series (No. 18): The Monsoon Experiment. No. 18, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1976.
GARP Special Report (No. 21): Report of the Planning Meeting for the Monsoon-77 Experiment — Colombo, Sri Lanka, May 1976, 1976.
GARP Special Report (No. 25): Report of the Third Planning Meeting for the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) — New Delhi, February – March 1977, 1977.
GARP Special Report (No. 28): Report of the Fourth Planning Meeting for the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) — Kuala Lumpur, February 1978, 1978.
GILCHRIST, A.: The simulation of the Asian summer monsoon by general circulation models. Pure and Appl. Geophys.32, 1431–1448 (1977)
HAHN, D.G. and MANABE, S.: The role of mountains in the south Asian monsoon circulation. J. Atmos. Sci.32, 1515–1541 (1975)
KORT, J.: On the theory of the east African low level jet stream. Pure and Appl. Geophys.115, 1263–1282 (1977)
KOTESWARAM, P.: The easterly jet stream in the tropics. Tellus10, 24–42 (1958)
KOTESWARAM, P. and GEORGE, C.A.: On the formation of monsoon depression in the Bay of Bengal. Indian J. Meteor. Geophys.9, 9–22 (1958)
KRISHNAMURTI, T.N. and RODGERS, E.B.: 200 mb wind field June, July, August 1967. Technical Report No. 70–2, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 1970.
KRISHNAMURTI, T.N., KANAMITSU, M., KOSS, W.J. and LEE, J.D.: Tropical east-west circulations during the northern winter. J. Atmos. Sci.30, 780–787 (1973)
KRISHNAMURTI, T.N., ASTLING, E. and KANAMITSU, M.: 200 mb wind field June, July, August 1972. Atlas published by the Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 1975.
KRISHNAMURTI, T.N., MOLINARI, J. and PAN, H.L.: Numerical simulation of the Somali jet. J. Atmos. Sci.33, 2350–2362 1976
KRUEGER, A.F. and WINSTON, J.S.: A comparison of the flow over the tropics during two contrasting circulation regimes. J. Atmos. Sci.31, 358–370 (1974)
LIANG, G.T.: The circulation pattern over Singapore and the east coast of West Malaysia during January and February 1967 compared with that of January and February 1968. In: The Climate of West Malaysia and Singapore. pp. 31–35, BEE, O.J. and SIU, C.L., eds., Oxford University Press 1974.
MAK, M.-K.: The monsoonal midtropospheric cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci.32, 2246–2253 (1975)
MILLER, F.R. and KESHAVAMURTHY, R.N.: Structure of an Arabian Sea Summer Monsoon System. Intern. Ind. Ocean Exp., Meteor. Monogr., East-West Center Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 94 pp., 1968.
MÖLLER, F.: Vierteljahreskarten des Niederschlags für die ganze Erde. Petermanns Geograph. Mitt.95, 1–7 (1951)
MURAKAMI, T.: The sudden change of upper westerlies near the Tibetan Plateau at the beginning of summer season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan36, 239–247 (1958)
MURAKAMI, T.: Interannual cloudiness changes. Mon. Wea. Rev.104, 907–921 (1975)
MURAKAMI, T.: Regional energetics of the 200 mb summer circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev.106, 614–628 (1978)a
MURAKAMI, T.: Winter circulations and wavenumber domain energetics at 200 mb. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan56 (4), 215–231 (1978)b
MURAKAMI, T.: Winter monsoonal surges over East Asia. To be submitted to the J. Meteor. Soc. Japan (1978)c
MURAKAMI, T., GODBOLE, R.V. and kELKAR, R.R.: Numerical simulation of the monsoon along 80°E. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Summer Monsoon of Southeast Asia. pp. 39–51, RAMAGE, C.S., ed. Navy Weather Research Facility, Norfolk, Virginia 1970.
ORGILL, M.M.: Some aspects of the onset of the summer monsoon over Southeast Asia. Final Report, Contract No. DA28–043-AMC-01303(E), Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University, Colorado, 75 pp., 1967.
RAMAGE, C.S.: Monsoon Meteorology. 296 pp., New York, Academic Press 1971
RAMAGE, C.S.: Preliminary discussion on the meteorology of the 1972–73 El Nino. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.56, 234–242 (1975)
SADLER, J.C.: The upper tropospheric circulation over the global tropics. Tech. Rept. 35 pp., NSF Grant No. GA-36301, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Hawaii, UHMET 75–05, 1975.
SAHA, K.R.: Air and water vapour transport across the equator in western Indian Ocian during northern summer. Tellus22, 681–687 (1970)
SHUKLA, J.: Barotropic-baroclinic instability of mean zonal wind during summer monsoon. Pure and Appl. Geophys.115, 1263–1282 (1977)
Staff Members Academia Sinica, Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology Peking: (I) On the General Circulation over Eastern Asia. Tellus9, 432–446 (1957)
THIRUVENGADATHAN, A. and JAMBUNATHAN, R.: Average forenoon cloud cover over the Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon. Indian J. Meteor. Geophys.22, 397–402 (1971)
USSR Academy of Sciences, Dept. of Geophysics and Cartography: Physical Geographical Atlas of the World. 1964.
WINSTON, J.S. and KRUEGER, A.F.: Diagnosis of the satellite-observed radiative heating in relation to the summer monsoon. Pure and App. Geophys.115, 1131–1144 (1977)
YEH, T.C., DAO, S.Y. and LI, M.T.: The abrupt change of circulation over the Northern Hemisphere during June and October. The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion. Rossby Memorial Volume, 249–267, 1959.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Murakami, T. Scientific objectives of the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX). Geojournal 3, 117–136 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00257701
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00257701