Electrophysiological effects of the clinically used local anesthetics lidocaine, lidocaine-prilocaine and phenol on the rat's inner ear

Summary

Local anesthetics, even if applied to the outer ear canal, may still enter the middle ear, running the risk of penetrating the round window. To elucidate the effect of certain topical anesthetics on the inner ear, the round window niche in the laboratory rat's middle ear was exposed separately to lidocaine, lidocaine-prilocaine and phenol. Auditory brain-stem responses (ABR) were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 31.5 kHz before the application, and 24 h, 3 weeks, 2 months and 6 months after exposure. After terminating the 6-month ABR measurements, the animals were sacrificed and the temporal bones fixed and decalcified for light microscopic analysis. All three drugs affected the ABR thresholds and the cochlear morphology with a pattern characteristic for each drug. At 24 h, all three substances caused severe impairment of ABR thresholds, followed by a period of restitution lasting up to 2 months. Even 6 months after exposure, the ABR thresholds at and above 12 kHz were impaired, as compared with the pre-treatment level, for all substances tested. In the lower frequencies the original ABR threshold was reached in the order: (1) lidocaine, (2) lidocaine-prilocaine, (3) phenol. The cochlear structures were unaffected by lidocaine, whereas lidocaine-prilocaine and phenol caused morphological damage which was most pronounced after exposure to phenol. The heterogeneity of the changes in the ABR thresholds suggests differences in the mechanism of action of each type of local anesthetic investigated. The effects following lidocaine were transient. However, clinicians must be aware of the ototoxic potential of both lidocaine and phenol.