Summary
In this paper it is shown that the postsynaptic GABA-receptor chloride ion channel complex is composed of several functional subunits. There are probably at least two stereospecific locations on the receptor for GABA-binding and both must be occupied to obtain an increase in chloride conductance. The interaction between these sites is uncertain but there could be either positive cooperativity between the sites or only a requirement that both sites are occupied without occupation of either site affecting the affinity for GABA of the other site. There is a chloride conductance channel coupled to the GABA receptor which opens for an average of 20 msec and has an average conductance of 18 pS. The GABA-coupled chloride channel may or may not have the same composition as the glycine coupled chloride channel.
In addition to the GABA-recognition site and the chloride ion channel, GABA-receptors must have additional binding sites or modulator sites where drugs can bind to modify GABA activation of the GABA-receptor. The convulsant PICRO binds to a site which is independent of the GABA-recognition site and PICRO reduces GABA responses. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines augment GABA-responses without reducing GABA-binding and thus they must bind to a modulator site independent of the GABA recognition site. Whether or not this is the same site as the PICRO binding site is uncertain. Thus, the GABA-receptorchloride ion channel complex is composed of at least: 1) two GABA-binding sites; 2) a chloride ion channel; 3) a convulsant binding site (PICRO-binding site) and 4) an anticonvulsant binding site. This organization serves several obvious purposes. First, since two GABA-molecules are required to activate GABA-coupled chloride ion channels, the dose-response relationship for GABA is sigmoidal and steep. Thus minor shifts in GABA affinity will produce large alterations in GABA-responses and the GABA receptor can be easily modulated. Second, since the receptor has binding sites for convulsant and anticonvulsant compounds which decrease and increase GABA-responses, GABAergic inhibition can easily be modulated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Awapara, J., Landua, A. J., Fuerst, R. & Seale, B., 1950. J. Biol. Chem. 187: 35–39.
Roberts, E. & Frankel, S., 1950. J. Biol. Chem. 187: 55–66.
Udenfriend, S., 1950. J. Biol. Chem. 187: 65–69.
Hayashi, T., 1954. J. Med. 3: 183–192.
Florey, E., 1954. Arch. Intern. Physiol. 62: 33–53.
Bazemore, A. W., Elliott, K. A. C. & Florey, E., 1957. J. Neurochem. 1: 334–339.
Curtis, D. R., Phillis, J. W. & Watkins, J. C., 1959. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 146: 185–203.
Curtis, D. R., Hosli, L., Johnston, G. A. R. & Johnston, I. H., 1968. Exper. Brain Res. 5: 235–258.
Curtis, D. R. & Johnston, G. A. R., 1974. Ergeb. Physiol. 9:98–188.
Krnjevic, K., 1974. Physiol. Rev. 54: 418–450.
Roberts, E., 1974. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 2637–2649.
Krnjevic, K., 1976. In: GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 269–281, Raven Press, New York.
Schmidt, R. F., 1971. Ergeb. Physiol. Biol. Chem. Exp. Pharmacol. 63: 20–101.
Nicoll, R. A., 1972. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 223: 803–814.
Nicoll, R. A., 1975. Brain Res. 96: 119–123.
Nicoll, R. A., 1975. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 72: 1460–1463.
Ransom, B. R. & Barker, J. L., 1976. Brain Res. 114: 530–535.
Macdonald, R. L. & Barker, J. L., 1979. Brain Res. 167: 323–336.
Schlosser, W., 1971. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 194: 93–102.
Polc, P., Mohler, H. & Haefely, W., 1974. Arch. Pharmacol. 284:319–337.
Haefely, W., Kulesar, A., Mohler, H., Pieri, L., Polc, P. & Shaffner, R., 1975. Advanc. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 10:131–152.
Suria, A. & Costa, E., 1975. Brain Res. 87: 102–106.
Mohler, H. & Okada, T., 1977. Science 198: 849–851.
Squires, R. F. & Braestrup, C., 1977. Nature (Lond.) 266: 732–734.
Meldrum, B. S., 1975. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 17: 1–36.
Hornykiewicz, O., 1972. In: Handbook of neurochemistry, Vol. 7 (Lajtha, A., ed.), pp. 465–501, Plenum Press, New York.
Hornykiewicz, O., Lloyd, K. G. & Davidson, L., 1976. In: The GABA system, function of the basal ganglia, and Parkinson's disease (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 479–485, Raven Press, New York.
Chase, T. N., 1976. The basal ganglia association for research in nervous and mental disease, pp. 337–349., Raven Press, New York.
Fischbach, G. D., 1972. Develop. Biol. 28: 407–429.
Ransom, B. R., Neale, E., Henkart, M., Bullock, P. N. & Nelson, P. G., 1977. J. Neurophysiol. 40: 1132–1150.
Neale, E. A., Macdonald, R. L. & Nelson, P. G., 1978. Brain Res. 152: 265–282.
Ransom, B. R., Christian, C. N., Bullock, P. N. & Nelson, P. G., 1977. J. Neurophys. 40: 1151–1162.
Nelson, P. G., Neale, E. A. & Macdonald, R. L., 1980. Excitable cells in Tissue culture (Nelson, P. G. & Lieberman, M., eds.), Plenum Press, New York.
Ransom, B. R., Bullock, P. N. & Nelson, P. G., 1977. J. Neurophysiol. 40: 1163–1177.
Barker, J. L. & Ransom, B. R., 1978. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 280: 331–354.
Macdonald, R. L. & Barker, J. L., 1980. Excitable cells in tissue culture (Nelson, P. G. & Lieberman, M., eds.), Plenum Press.
Fahn, S., 1976. GABAinnervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 169–186, Raven Press, New York.
Otsuka, M. & Konishi, S., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 197-202, Raven Press, New York.
Baxter, C. F., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 61–87, Raven Press, New York.
Wu, J-Y., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 7–55, Raven Press, New York.
McLaughlin, B. J., Barber, R., Saito, K., Roberts, E. & Wu, J-Y., 1975. J. Comp. Neurol. 164: 305–322.
Wood, J. G., McLaughlin, B. J. & Vaughn, J. E., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 149–168, Raven Press, New York.
Barber, R. P., Vaughn, J. E., Saito, K., McLaughlin, B. J. & Roberts, E., 1978. Brain Res. 141: 35–55.
Horton, R. W. & Meldrum, B. S., 1973. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 49:52–63.
Karlsson, A., Fonnum, F., Malthe-Sorenssen, D. & Storm-Mathisen, J., 1974. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 3053–3061.
Orlowski, M., Reingold, D. F. & Stanley, M. E., 1977. J. Neurochem. 28: 349–353.
Salvador, R. A. & Albers, R. W., 1959. J. Biol. Chem. 234: 922–925.
Sheridan, J. J., Sims, K. L. & Pitts, F. N., Jr., 1967. J. Neurochem. 14: 571–578.
Barber, R. & Saito, K., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 113–132, Raven Press, New York.
Jung, M. J., Lippert, B., Metcalf, B. W., Schechter, P. J., Bohlen, P. & Sjoerdsma, A., 1977. J. Neurochem. 28: 717–723.
Jung, M. J., Lippert, B., Metcalf, B. W., Bohlen, P. & Schechter, P. J., 1977. J. Neurochem. 29: 797–802.
Jung, M. J., Lippert, B., Casara, P., Bohlen, P. & Schechter, P. J., 1978. GABA neurotransmitters: pharmacochemical, biochemical and pharmacochemical, aspects (Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Scheel-Kruger, J. & Kofod, H., eds.), pp. 228–235, Academic Press, New York.
Perry, T. L., Kish, S. J. & Hansen, S., 1979. J. Neurochem. 32: 1641–1645.
Rando, R. R., 1978. GABA-neurotransmitters: pharmacochemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects (Krogsgaard-Larsen, P. & Scheel-Kruger, J., eds.), pp. 228–235, Academic Press, New York.
Miller, A. L. & Pitts, F. N., Jr., 1967. J. Neurochem. 14: 579–584.
Pitts, F. N., Jr & Quick, C., 1965. J. Neurochem. 12: 893–900.
Godin, Y., Heiner, L., Mark, J. & Mandel, P., 1969. J. Neurochem. 16: 869–873.
Van Der Laan, J. W., DeBoer, T. H. & Bruinvels, J., 1979. J. Neurochem. 32: 1769–1780.
Macdonald, R. L. & Bergey, G. K., 1979. Brain Res. 170: 558–562.
Frere, R. C., Young, A. B. & Macdonald, R. L., 1980. Neurosci. Abstr. 6: 56.
Weinstein, H., Varon, S., Muhleman, D. R. & Roberts, E., 1965. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14: 273–388.
Iversen, L. L. & Neal, M. J., 1968. J. Neurochem. 15: 1141–1149.
Kuhar, M. J., 1973. Life Sci. 13: 1623–1634.
Martin, D. L., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 347–386, Raven Press, New York.
Iversen, L. L. & Snyder, S. H., 1968. Nature (Lond.) 220: 796–798.
Henn, F. A. & Hamberger, A., 1971. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 68: 2686–2690.
Schon, F. & Kelly, J. S., 1974. Brain Res. 66: 289–300.
Schrier, B. K. & Thompson, E. J., 1974. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 1769–1780.
Hosli, L. & Hosli, E., 1979. GABA — Biochemistry and CNS functions (Mandel, P. & DeFuedis, F. V., eds.), pp. 205–218, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.
Storm-Mathisen, J., Fonnum, F. & Malthe-Sorenssen, D., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 387–394, Raven Press, New York.
Ryan, L. D. & Roskoski, R., Jr., 1977. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 200: 285–291.
Levi, G., Banay-Schwartz, M. & Raiteri, M., 1978. Amino acids as chemical transmitters (Fonnum, F., ed.), pp. 327–350, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
Cutler, R. W. P. & Young, J., 1979. Brain Res. 165: 261–270.
Iversen, L. L. & Bloom, F. E., 1972. Brain Res. 41: 131–143.
Ljungdahl, A. & Hokfelt, T., 1973. Brain Res. 62: 587–595.
Penney, J. B. & Young, A. B., 1980. Brain Res.
Hosli, E. & Hosli, L., 1978. Maturation of neurotransmission (Vernadakis, A., Giacobini, E., Filogamo, G. & Karger, S., eds.), pp. 108–115, Basel.
Farb, D. H., Berg, D. K. & Fischbach, G. D., 1979. J. Cell. Biol. 80: 651–661.
Hosli, E. & Hosli, L., 1980. Exp Brain Res. 38: 241–243.
Krogsgaard-Larsen, P. & Johnston, G. A. R., 1975. J. Neurochem. 25: 797–802.
Johnston, G. A. R., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 395–411, Raven Press, New York.
Wood, J. D., Tsui, D. & Phillis, J. W., 1979. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 57: 581–585.
Kelly, J. S. & Dick, F., 1975. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 9: 93–106.
Bowery, N. G., Jones, G. P. & Neal, M. J., 1976. Nature (Lond.) 264: 281–284.
Brehm, L., Krogsgaard-Larsen, P. & Jacobsen, P., 1978. GABA neurotransmitters: pharmacochemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects (Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Scheel-Kruger, J. & Kofod, H., eds.), pp. 247–262, Academic Press, New York.
Iversen, L. L. & Kelly, J. S., 1975. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24: 933–938.
Schousboe, A., 1978. GABA neurotransmitters: pharmacochemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects (Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Scheel-Kruger, J. & Kofod, H., eds.), pp. 263–280, Academic Press, New York.
Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Johnston, G. A. R., Curtis, D. R., Game, C. J. A. & McCulloch, R. M., 1975. J. Neurochem. 25: 803–809.
Lodge, D., Johnston, G. A. R., Curtis, D. R. & Brand, J., 1977. Brain Res. 136: 513–522.
Hammerstad, J. P., Murray, J. E. & Cutler, R. W. P., 1971. Brain Res. 35: 357–367.
Mitchell, J. F. & Roberts, P. J., 1972. Br. J. Pharmacol. 45: 175–176P.
Levy, W. B., Redburn, D. A. & Cotman, C. W., 1973. Science 181: 676–678.
Mulder, A. H. & Snyder, S. H., 1974. Brain Res. 76: 297–308.
Gauchy, C. M., Iversen, L. L. & Jessell, T. M., 1977. Brain Res. 138: 374–379.
Vargas, O., DeLorenzo, M., Saldate, M. & Orrego, F., 1977. J. Neurochem. 28: 165–170.
Sellstrom, A. & Hamberger, A., 1977. Brain Res. 119: 189–198.
Hammerstad, J. P., Cawthon, M. L. & Lytle, C. R., 1979. J. Neurochem. 32: 195–202.
Leach, M. J., 1979. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 31: 533–535.
Szerb, J. C., 1979. J. Neurochem. 32: 1565–1573.
Collins, G. G. S., 1973. Br. J. Pharmacol. 47: 641P.
Cotman, C. W., Haycock, J. W. & White, W. F., 1976. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 254: 475–505.
Srinivasan, V., Neal, M. J. & Mitchell, J. F., 1969. J. Neurochem. 16: 1235–1244.
Bowery, N. G. & Brown, D. A., 1972. Nature, New Biol. 238: 89–91.
Bowery, N. G. & Neal, M. J., 1978. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 275: 58P.
Minchin, M. C. W., 1975. J. Neurochem. 24: 571–577.
Starr, M. S., 1979. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 53: 215–226.
Stoof, J. C., DenBreejen, E. J. S. & Mulder, A. H., 1979. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 57: 35–42.
Kamal, L., Arbilla, S. & Langer, S. Z., 1980. Presynaptic receptors (Langer, S. Z. et al., eds.), pp. 193–197; Pergamon Press, New York.
Bowery, N. G., Hill, D. R., Hudson, A. L., Doble, A., Middlemiss, D. N., Shaw, J. & Turnbull, M., 1980. Nature (Lond.) 283: 92–94.
Zukin, S. R., Young, A. B. & Snyder, S. H., 1974. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 71: 4802–4807.
Enna, S. J. & Snyder, S. H., 1975. Brain Res. 100: 81–97.
Olsen, R. W., Greenlee, D., VanNess, P. & Ticku, M. K., 1978. Amino acids as chemical transmitters (Fonnum, F., ed.), Plenum Press, New York.
Olsen, R. W., Ticku, M. K., Greenlee, D. & VanNess, P., 1978. GABA neurotransmitters: pharmacochemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects (Krogsgaard Larsen, P., Scheel-Kruger, J. & Kofod, H., eds.), pp. 165–178, Academic Press, New York.
Olsen, R. W., Ticku, M. K., VanNess, P. C. & Greenlee, D., 1978. Brain Res. 139: 277–294.
Young, A. B. & Macdonald, R. L., 1979. Neurosci. Abstr. 5: 602.
Macdonald, R. L., Young, A. B. & Nowak, L. M., 1979. Neurosci. Abstr. 5: 593.
DeFeudis, F. V., Ossola, L., Schmitt, G., Wolff, P. & Mandel, P., 1980. J. Neurochem. 34: 216–218.
Ticku, M. K., Huang, A. & Barker, J. L., 1980. Brain Res. 182: 201–206.
Enna, S. J. & Snyder, S. H., 1977. Mol. Pharmacol. 13: 442–453.
Young, A. B., Enna, S. J., Zukin, S. R. & Snyder, S. H., 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 305–317, Raven Press, New York.
Greenlee, D. V., VanNess, P. C. & Olsen, R. W., 1978. Life Sci. 22: 1653–1662.
Guidotti, A., Toffano, G. & Costa, E., 1978. Nature (Lond.) 275: 553–555.
Toffano, G., Guidotti, A. & Costa, E., 1978. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 75: 4024–4028.
Enna, S. J., Ferkany, J. W. & Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., 1978. GABA neurotransmitters: pharmacochemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects (Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Scheel-Kruger, J. & Kofod, H., eds.), pp. 191–200, Academic Press, New York.
Placheta, P. & Karobath, M., 1979. Brain Res. 178: 580–583.
Beaumont, K., Chilton, W. S., Yamamura, H. I. & Enna, S. J., 1978. Brain Res. 148: 153–162.
Snodgrass, S. R., 1978. Nature (Lond.) 273: 392–394.
Williams, M. & Risley, E. A., 1979. J. Neurochem. 32: 713–718.
Guidotti, A., Gale, K., Suria, A. & Toffano, G., 1979. Brain Res. 172: 566–571.
Enna, S. J. & Maggi, A., 1979. Life Sci. 24: 1727–1738.
Galli, A., Zilletti, L., Scotton, M., Adembri, G. & Giotti, A., 1979. J. Neurochem. 32: 1123–1125.
Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Honore, J. & Thyssen, K., 1978. GABA neurotransmitters: pharmacochemical, bioghemical and pharmacological aspects (Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Scheel-Kruger, J. & Kofod, H., eds.), pp. 201–216, Academic Press, New York.
Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Hjeds, H., Curtis, D. R., Lodge, D. & Johnston, G. A. R., 1979. J. Neurochem. 32: 1717–1724.
Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Johnston, G. A. R., Lodge, D. & Curtis, D. R., 1977. Nature (Lond.) 268: 53–55.
Krogsgaard-Larsen, P. & Johnston, G. A. R., 1978. J. Neurochem. 30: 1377–1382.
Enna, S. J., Collins, J. F. & Snyder, S. H., 1977. Brain Res. 124: 185–190.
Olsen, R. W., Ban, M. & Miller, T., 1976. Brain Res. 102: 283–299.
Cleland, W. W., 1963. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 67: 188–196.
Collins, J. F. & Cryer, G., 1978. Amino acids as chemical transmitters (Fonnum, F., ed.), pp. 499–506, Plenum Press, New York.
Mohler, H. & Okada, T., 1977. Nature (Lond.) 267: 65–67.
Mohler, H. & Okada, T., 1978. Amino acids as chemical transmitters (Fonnum, F., ed.), pp. 493–498, Plenum Press, New York.
Ticku, M. K., Ban, M. & Olsen, R. W., 1978. Mol. Pharmacol. 14: 391–402.
Braestrup, C. & Squires, R. F., 1978. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 48: 263–270.
Tallman, J. F., Thomas, J. W. & Gallager, D. W., 1978. Nature (Lond.) 274: 383–385.
Martin, I. L. & Candy, J. M., 1978. Neuropharmacology 17: 993–998.
Tallman, J. F. & Gallager, D. W., 1979. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 10: 809–813.
Costa, T., Robard, D. & Pert, C. B., 1979. Nature (Lond.) 277: 315–317.
Gavish, M., Chang, R. S. L. & Snyder, S. H., 1979. Life Sci. 25: 783–790.
Gavish, M. & Snyder, S. H., 1980. Life Sci. 26: 579–582.
Eccles, J. C., 1964. The Physiology of Synapses, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Levy, R. A., 1977. Prog. Neurobiol. 9: 211–267.
Eccles, J. C., Kostyuk, P. G. & Schmidt, R. F., 1962. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 161: 237–257.
Eccles, J. C., Schmidt, R. F. & Willis, W. D., 1963. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 168: 500–530.
Schmidt, R. F., 1963. Pflugers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 277: 325–346.
Tebecis, A. K. & Phillis, J. W., 1967. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 23: 553–563.
Davidoff, R. A., 1972. Science 175: 331–333.
Barker, J. L. & Nicoll, R. A., 1972. Science 176: 1043–1045.
Feltz, P. & Rasminsky, M., 1974. Neuropharmacol. 13: 553–563.
Nishi, S., Minota, S. & Karczmar, A. G., 1974. Neuropharmacol. 13: 215–219.
Deschenes, M., Feltz, P. & Lamour, Y., 1976. Brain Res. 118: 486–492.
Gallagher, J. P., Higashi, H. & Nishi, S., 1978. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 275: 263–282.
Nicoll, R. A., 1978. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 283: 121–132.
Sykova, E. & Vyklicky, L., 1978. Neurosciences 3: 1061–1067.
Davidoff, R. A., Hackman, J. C. & Osorio, I., 1980. Neurosciences 5: 117–126.
Krnjevic, K., Puil, E. & Werman, R., 1977. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55: 658–669.
Krnjevic, K.; 1976. GABA in nervous system function (Roberts, E., Chase, T. N. & Tower, D. B., eds.), pp. 269–281, Raven Press, New York.
Curtis, D. R., Duggan, A. W., Felix, D. & Johnston, G. A. R., 1971. Brain Res. 32: 69–96.
Bruggencate, G. ten & Engberg, I., 1968. Brain Res. 11: 446–450.
Curtis, D. R., Hosli, L. & Johnston, G. A. R., 1968. Exp. Brain Res. 6: 1–18.
Curtis, D. R., Hosli, L., Johnston, G. A. R. & Johnston, I. H., 1968. Exp. Brain Res. 5: 235–258.
Werman, R., Davidoff, R. A. & Aprison, M. H., 1968. J. Neurophysiol. 31: 81–95.
Barker, J. L., Macdonald, R. L. & Smith, T. G., 1977. J. Gen. Physiol. 70: 1a.
McBurney, R. N. & Barker, J. L., 1978. Nature (Lond.) 274: 596–597.
Macdonald, R. L. & Barker, J. L., 1977. Nature (Lond.) 267, 720–721.
Macdonald, R. L. & Barker, J. L., 1978. Neurology 28: 325–330.
Takeuchi, A. & Onodera, K., 1972. Nature New Biol. 236: 55–56.
Shank, R. P., Pong, S. F., Freeman, A. R. & Graham, L. T., 1974. Brain Res. 72: 71–78.
Constanti, A., 1978. Neuropharmacol. 17: 159–167.
Homma, S. & Rovainen, C. M., 1978. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 279: 231–252.
Simmonds, M. A., 1978. Br. J. Pharmacol. 63: 495–502.
Simmonds, M. A., 1980. Neuropharmacol. 19: 39–45.
Takeuchi, A. & Takeuchi, N., 1969. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 205: 377–391.
Earl, J. & Large, W. A., 1974. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 236: 113–127.
Hori, N., Ikeda, K. & Roberts, E., 1978. Brain Res. 141: 364–370.
Hochner, B., Spira, M. E. & Werman, R., 1976. Brain Res. 107: 85–103.
Pickles, H. G. & Simmonds, M. A., 1980. Neuropharmacology 19: 35–38.
Yamamoto, C., 1972. Exp. Neurol. 35: 154–164.
Matsumoto, H., 1964. Elect roencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 17: 294–307.
Prince, D. A., 1968. Exper. Neurol. 21: 467–485.
Dichter, M. & Spencer, W. A., 1969. J. Neurophysiol. 32: 663–687.
Wong, R. K. S. & Prince, D. A., 1978. Brain Res. 159: 385–390.
Wong, R. K. S., Prince, D. A. & Basbaum, A. I., 1979. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 76: 986–990.
Wong, R. K. S. & Prince, D. A., 1970. Science 204: 1228–1231.
Weakly, J. N., 1969. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 204: 63–77.
Thomson, T. D. & Turkanis, S. A., 1973. Br. J. Pharmacol. 48: 48–58.
Proctor, W. R. & Weakly, J. N., 1976. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 258: 257–268.
Choi, D. W., Farb, D. H. & Fischbach, G. D., 1977. Nature (Lond.) 269: 342–344.
Raabe, W. & Gumnit, R. J., 1977. Epilepsia 18: 117–120.
Gahwiler, B. H., 1976. Brain Res. 107: 176–179.
Steiner, F. A. & Felix, D., 1976. Nature (Lond.) 260: 346–347.
Macdonald, R. L. & Barker, J. L., 1978. Science 200: 775–777.
Macdonald, R. L. & Barker, J. L., 1978. Nature (Lond.) 271:563–564.
Macdonald, R. L. & Barker, J. L., 1979. Neurology 29: 432–447.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Macdonald, R.L., Young, A.B. Pharmacology of GABA-mediated inhibition of spinal cord neurons in vivo and in primary dissociated cell culture. Mol Cell Biochem 38, 147–162 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235693
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235693